Below are some guidelines to follow when using the MLA and APA styles:


 


For in-text citation:


 


1. Author named in a signal phrase


M: Christine Haughney reports that “accidents caused by using cell phones while driving dropped by 75 percent” (81).


A: Christine Haughey (1996) . . . (p. 81).


H: Haughney (1996) . . . (p. 81).


 


2. Author cited in parenthesis


M: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney 81).


A: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney, 1996, p. 81).


H: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney 1996, p. 81).


 


3. Author unknown


M: It has been reported that . . . (“Cellphones” 81) or (Communication Technology 81)


A: It has been reported that . . . (“Cellphones,” 1999) or (Communication Technology, 1999)


H: It has been reported that . . . (‘Cellphones’ 1999) or (Communication Technology 1999)


 


4. Date unknown


A: use n.d. for no date e.g. (Smith, n.d.)


H: (Smith n.d.)


 


5. Page number unknown


M: It has been reported . . . (Haughney)


     According to Haugney . . .


 


6. Multiple authors


For MLA:


a. 2 or 3 authors


M: Haughney and Blaine found out that . . . (100).


b. 4 or more authors


M: Haughney et al. 35


 


For APA:


a. 2 authors


Haughney and Blaine (2000)


b. 2 to 5 authors


Mention all authors on initial citation (Blaine, Brown, Smith & Williams, 1983)


For subsequent citations, use et al. (Blaine et al., 1983)


Apply second condition for works with six or more authors


 


For Harvard:


a. 2 to 3 authors


(Haughney & Blaine 2000)


b. 4 or more


(Haughney et al. 2000)


 


7. Authors with the same last name


M: (D. Smith 7)


A: (D. Smith, 1979)


H: (D. Smith 1979)


 


8. Indirect Source (source quoted in another source)


M: (qtd. in Kilgannon 25)


A: (as cited in Kilgannon, 1990, p. 86)


H: (cited in Kilgannon 1990, p. 86)


 


9. 2 or more works


M: (Blaine 40; Smith; William 78)


A: (Smith, 1989; Terrace & Brown, 2001)


H: (Smith 1989; Terrace & Brown 2001)


 


10. Two or more works by the same author in the same year


A: Use lower case letters


     Kennedy (2000a)…


     Kennedy (2000b)…


H: (Kennedy 2000a).


     (Kennedy 2000b).


 


 


For Bibliography:


 


AUTHORS:


1. Single author


M: Brown, Deborah.


A: Brown, D.


H: Brown, D


 


2. Multiple authors


M: (2) Brown, Deborah, and Todd Taylor.


     (3) Brown, Deborah, Todd Taylor and Janice Walker.


             (4) You can cite all the authors’ names or Brown, Deborah, et al.


 


       A: (2-6) Walker, J., & Taylor, T. (1998). – use ampersand (&) instead of the word “and”


            (more) List first 6 authors, followed by et al.


 


H: (2-3) Walker, J & Taylor, T 1998,


      (4 or more) Besanko, D,  Dranove, D, Shanley, M & Schaefer 1998, (et al. is used for in text citations for 4 or more authors, but the names of all authors must be cited in the reference list)


 


3. Unknown author


Use the book/article title


M: “Vehicular Accidents.”  or Communication Technology. (articles: in quotation marks; books: underlined)


A: Dollar rate increases. (1995, January 8). or Economics. (1996). (articles: no quotation marks; books: italicized)


H: ‘Dollar rate increases’, 1995, or Economics, 1996


 


4. 2 or more works by the same author


M: Blaine, Margaret. Research Guide. New York: Doubleday, 1997.


     – - -. Thesis Writing. New York: Doubleday, 1996. (use 3 hyphens in place of the author’s name)


A: type in the author’s name for all entries; arrange the year in ascending order


    James, P.C. (1997).


James, P.C. (2001).


H: James, PC 1997,


 James, PC 2001,


 


5. Same author, same year


A: James, P.C. (1993a).


     James, P.C. (1993b).


H: James, PC 1993a,


     James, PC 1993b,


 


 


BOOKS:


1. Basic Format


M: Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001.


A: Tan, A. (2001). The Bonesetter’s Daughter. New York: Putnam.


H: Tan, A 2001, The Bonesetter’s Daughter, Putnam, New York.


 


2. Author with editor


M: Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. Ed. Paul Marion. New York: Putnam, 2001.


A: Tan, A. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. (P. Marion, Ed.). New York: Putnam, 2001.


 


3. Editor


M. Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.


A: Craig, P. (Ed.). (1996). The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP.


H: Craig, P (ed.) 1996, The Oxford Book of Travel Stories, Oxford UP, Oxford.


 


For Article or Chapter in an edited book.


A: Meskell, L. (2001). Archaeologies of identity. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 187-213). Cambridge, England: Polity Press.


H: Meskell, L 2001, Archaeologies of identity, in I Hodder (ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 187-213), Polity Press, Cambridge, England.


 


4. Edition other than the first


M: Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 2000.


A: Auletta, K. (2000). The Underclass. (2nd ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook.


H: Auletta, K, 2000, The Underclass, 2nd edn, Overlook, Woodstock, NY.


 


 5. Encyclopedia


M: Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Languages.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed.  London: Academic Press, 1987.


A: Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. (15th ed.). London: Academic Press.


H: Posner, R 1987, ‘Romance Languages’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th edn, Academic Press, London.


 


 


PERIODICALS:


1. Magazine


M: Lord, Lewis. “There’s Something about Mary Todd.” US News & World Report 19 Feb. 2001: 53.


A: Lord, L. (2001, February 19). There’s Something about Mary Todd. US News & World Report, 53.


H: Lord, L 2001, ‘There’s Something about Mary Todd’, US News & World Report, 19 February, p. 53.


 


 


2. Journal


M: Ryan, Katy. “Apes and Monkeys.” African American Review. 34.3 (2000): 389-392.


A: Ryan, K. (2000). Apes and Monkeys. African American Review, 34(3), 389-392.


H: Ryan, K 2000, ‘Apes and Monkeys’, African American Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 389-392.


 


3. Newspaper


M: Murphy, Sean. “Meteor Strikes.” Boston Globe. 27 Mar. 2001: A2.


A: Murphy, S. (2001, March 27). Meteor Strikes. Boston Globe, A2.


H: Murphy, S 2001, ‘Meteor Strikes’, Boston Globe, 27 March, p. A2.


 


ELECTRONIC SOURCES:


MLA:


Content: name of the author; title of the article; title of the site, underlined; name of editors; date of last update; name of any sponsoring organization; date of access; URL.


Ex:


Peters, Susan. The Life of Martin Luther. 1999. 9 Mar. 2001 <www.martinluther.com>.


Margaret Sangers Paper Project. 18 Oct. 2000. History Dept. New York U. 3 Apr. 2001 <www.mspp.com>.


Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Native Web. 2000. 15 Sept. 2001. <www.nativeweb.com>.


 


APA:


Content: Follow the format for printed references, then end with the date of access and the URL.


Ex:


Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2001, from www.latimes.com


Internet. (2005). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13, 2004, from www.encarta.com


 


Harvard:


Content: Author; Year (Latest Update or when the site was created); Name or place of the  website; Sponsor; Date of access (date/month/year); <URL>.


Ex:


Therapeutic Goods Administration 2004, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 13 October, 2004, <www.tga.gov.au>.


 


 



Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com



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