Alcoholism in the Workplace: Annotated Bibliography
1. Alternative method in the treatment of alcoholism: The united technologies corporation day treatment program. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 25, 300 – 303.
This study focuses on the description of the United Technologies Corp. day treatment program for its alcoholic employees. The said program was already available at the counseling center in New Britain, Connecticut. Most of the alcoholics do not require lengthy inpatient hospitalization, because the day is popular for many of the employed alcoholics, particularly their families. The program helped the company to realize that treatment outcome was not that related or connected with the long treatment and high treatment costs.
2. Ames, G. M. & Grube, J. W. (1999). Alcohol availability and workplace drinking: Mixed method analyses. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60: 383 – 393.
The authors study about the relationship between the subjective social as and the physical availability of alcohol at work and other work-related drinking. It uses the survey and ethnography in order to know if and why the physical and social availability of alcohol can predict the work-related drinking in a manufacturing plant with more or less 6,000 employees. The result of the study shows that the strongest predictors of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking are subjective availability of alcohol at work, and perceived drinking by friends and co-workers. In addition it also shows that the quantity of alcohol consumption is predictive, and the subjective physical availability was not that vital in drinking at or before work.
3. Ames, G.M., Grube, J.W., & Moore, R.S. (1997). The relationship of drinking and hangovers to workplace problems: An empirical study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 37 – 47.
The authors study about the relationship between drinking patterns and workplace problems in a manufacturing facility that is operated by a Fortune 500 industry. The data was gathered from a survey that was conducted to 832 hourly employees and from ethnographic research in the plant of the company. The author also focuses on examining a large random sample of workers rather than an impaired subpopulation and asked the employees regarding how much they drank before, during and after working hours as well as information regarding hangover. The result shows that overall drinking outside of work, before and after work and coming to work with hangover were related to the different work problems that are being experienced by the respondents such as conflicts with the boss and managers. Thus workplace problems were also related with the age, gender, ethnicity, work shifts and even department.
4. Ames, G.M., Grube, J.W., & Moore, R.S. (2000). Social control and workplace drinking norms: A comparison of two organizational cultures. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 203 – 219.
The study shows that investigation about the relationship of social control mechanism at work to drinking practices of 10,000 salaried and hourly employees that works in the same U.S. industry with the same union but with the different work environments: first is traditional U.S. management and the other is nontraditional Japanese transplant model. The method that was used is in-home surveys of 1,378 and ethnography. The respondents were asked about the work related drinking, perceptions of drinking norms, alcohol-related policies and different procedures in policy enforcement. The result shows that the overall consumption rates in both the groups were similar, however the differences exists in the work-related drinking. The traditional U.S. model was related to more permissive norms about drinking before or during work, while higher workplace drinking rates were related with the Japanese model.
5. Appelbaum, S. (1982). Rescuing time from the bottle. Canadian Banker and ICB Review, 89, 226
The author of the study looks at the impact of alcoholism on the alcoholic employee. It showed the different economic effects of the employee alcoholism on the North American Rockwell Corp., Gulf Canada Ltd. and the Illinois Bell Telephone Co. It also presented the ten indicators of employee alcoholism and then discusses the different stages of alcoholism. Thus, it also shows the ten vital steps in order to start and implement an alcoholism counseling program.
6. Archer, J. (1981). Alcoholism and alienation among blue collar workers: Test of a causal theory. Dissertation Abstract International, 42.
The study gathered data from 160 male blue-collar workers. 80 of the workers were alcoholics, while the remaining 80 were not alcoholics. The result showed that alcoholics experience disappointed life expectations more frequently than do the non-alcoholics.
7. Argeriou, M. & Manohar, V. (1978). Relative effectiveness of nonalcohollics and recovered alcoholics as counselors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39, 793 – 799.
The researchers focus on counseling the problems drinkers who participated in the Services for Traffic Safety Project in Boston, by two groups of counselors. The first group is consisted of former alcoholic, while the other group did not have any alcohol problems. The result showed that the recovered alcoholics were more effective as counselors than were the counselors who did not have any present or past drinking experiences and problems.
8. Baggot, R. (1994). Implementation and development of alcohol policies in the workplace. Health Education Journal, 53(1), 3 – 14.
The author show the findings of a comparative study of workplace alcohol policies at the local level in Leeds and Leicester in 1991 and 192. the study identified the different factors that are likely to lead to the adoption of an alcohol policy by the employers and the examined the processes where in policies were designed, initiated and then developed.
9. Bamberger, P. & Barhom-Kidron, A. (1998). Spirits at work in the promised land. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34(4), 445 – 467.
The authors studied how the notion of ethnic identity can be related with the relationship between the work-related risk factors and alcohol problems.
The study used data from 58 recovering Israeli alcoholics. The result showed that ethnic identity may play a vital role in shaping the perception of and responses on alcohol-related workplace risk like stress and alienation.
10. Bealer, J. D. (1977). Hiring recovered alcoholics: A policy that pays. Labor-Management Alcoholism Journal, 7, 20 – 21.
The author stated the reason why alcoholics should be hired and then give case of a bank with a policy for of employing recovered alcoholics for 8 years. The study shows that only about 2% of the entire population of the recovered alcoholics that were hired was fired because of the relapse of drinking.
11. Beattie, M., Longabaugh, R. & Fava, J. (1992). Assessment of alcohol-related activities: Development and testing of “your workplace”. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(5), 469-475.
The study shows different alcohol-related workplace activities that are assessed using a short, easy to administer, self-report instruction. In addition it also showed other important tools and methodology.
12. Beattie, M., Longabaugh, R., Elliott, G. Stout, R., Fava, J. & Noel, N. (1993). Effect of the social environment on alcohol involvement and subjective well-being prior to alcoholism treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 54(3), 283-296
The study focuses on the conceptual model that was developed in order to explain the abusive use of alcohol and reports the result of the initial test of the conceptualization process. The study uses the cross-sectional test of two models using the data that have been gathered from 148 alcoholic respondents that enters the treatment at a private nonprofit psychiatric facility. The result shows that there is no direct relationship between the alcohol involvement and the subjective well-being. Thus, there is no interrelationship between the alcohol involvement and the subjective well-being once the supporting variables are taken into the account. As a result, treatment must be connected with the social network of the respondents, using the families and friends in order to provide general social support and then alcohol relevant.
13. Beaumont, P. B. & Allsop, S. J. (1984). An industrial alcohol policy: The characteristics of worker success. British Journal of Addiction, 79, 315 – 318.
The study focuses on studying the 48% of the employees of the company that received treatment for alcohol problems. The result showed that 14 of the employee had voluntarily sought for help, 34 were referred by the employer. As a result, the self-referral was connected with poor treatment outcome compared to the employer referral.
14. Beavers, C. H. (1984). An evaluation of the impact of an employee assistance program on alcohol abusing employees. Dissertation Abstract International, 46.
The author of the study focuses on one 155 employees who abuse alcohol as the primary source for data. The employees were divided into a different treatment groups as well as comparison groups. The authors focus on the behavior and health cost of alcoholism in the workplace. It showed its relationship on absent, disciplinary incidents as well as the amount of the medical benefits that were paid by the employers.
15. Bell, N.S., Mangione, Y.W., Howland, J., Levine, S., And Amick, B. (1996). Worksite barriers to the effective management of alcohol problems. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 38, 1213 – 1219.
The study focuses on analyzing and describing the different barriers in the workplace interventions in different cases of alcohol abuse. The researchers used survey as their method of gathering data to 7255 supervisors in 114 different worksites in seven major corporations. The result shows that most of the managers are encountering different barriers regarding intervention that are related with the worksite, job and even the entire environment. In addition, barriers were considered as greatest for the female managers, managers in the larger worksites as well as the first-line supervisors. Thus, the intervention strategies must be taken into account differently between different worksites and levels of job, and must not assume that the policies will be equally effective throughout the entire corporation.
16. Bennett, J. B. & Lehman, W. E. K. (1998). Workplace drinking climate, stress, and problem indicators: assessing the influence of teamwork (group cohesion). Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(5), 608-618.\
Although there have been different studies regarding the impact of alcoholism towards individual performance at work, there are less literature that focuses on the impact of one’s drinking behavior to his or her co-workers. The study focuses on their hypothesis that the exposure to co-worker that are drinking as well as the presence of the drinking climate are related with the different reports regarding stress and other problems in working environment. The study was done by gathering data from two random samples of the municipal employees and surveys. The said method was used in order to review the individual drinking, co-worker drinking, task-oriented group cohesion, the direct reports of the negative consequences because of alcohol and other substances and the five problems indicators which as the job stress, job withdrawal, health problems and performance. The result shows that the drinking climate as well as the individual job stress was not related with the cohesion.
17. Beyer, J. M. & Trice, H. M. (1978). Implementing Change: Alcoholism in Work Organizations. New York: Free Press.
The author focuses on reporting the study regarding the effort of the legislation that was designed in order to implement different changes in the issue about the alcoholism in the workplace. In addition, the study analyzes and shows the deliberate and planned changed, than the spontaneous change. Above all, the authors tackle the change process, sampling, data collection, statistics, stages of implementation, roles of directions as well as the inter-organizational relations.
18. Bigus, O. E. (1974). ‘Becoming Alcoholic: A Study of Social Transformation’, Dissertation Abstract International, 35
The author analyzes the different process by which individuals become alcoholics. It shows the transition from normal social network to an alcoholic career, where in the normal social network can be family and occupation. Thus, drinking behavior is considered as responsible for the alcoholic’s eventual disengagement from the normal social networks. The authors used interviews and participant observation as the primary data.
19. Blackford, C. E., III. (1978). What does employee alcoholism really cost? Labor-Management Alcoholism Journal, 7, 22 – 23.
The authors analyze the quantifiable cost that are involved in the employee alcoholism programs and then explained that about 8 non-quantifiable savings are related with the said programs. Workplace accident reduction, tardiness, unpaid absence as well as the replacement training cost are the four most important non-quantifiable.
20. Blum, T. & Roman, P. (2002). The Workplace and Alcohol Problem Prevention. Alcohol Research & Health, 26(1), 49 – 63.
The study focuses on the fact that the workplace programs can help to prevent and reduce different alcohol-related problems among the employees. The study shows the three most important events that are related to the alcohol problems in the workplace. First is the relationship between the drinking pattern with the job performance problems like the poor-quality work, poor quantity of work, attendance problems and the problems about relationship with the customers. Second is that the decision of the employees can cause problems towards themselves that will cause source of assistance in the workplace. And last, an identification of the co-worker of an apparent alcohol problem is used in order to refer to an employee workplace-based assistance. As a result, the authors focus on the different intervention methods that can be used in order to prevent and lessen the problems that are related to the said subject such as the EAP.
21. Blum, T. & Martin, J. (1985). The social transformation of alcoholism intervention: Comparison of job attributes and performance of recovered alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 365 – 378.
The authors reviewed the history of employment of the recovered alcoholics in the alcoholism field. The recovered alcoholics were compared with the non-alcoholics in terms of job attitudes and the adjustments, together with the job performance.
22. Blum, T. & Martin, J. (1993). Alcohol consumption and work performance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 54(1), 61-70
The authors examine the work performance of 136 male respondents by using self reports and reports of workplace collaterals. The comparison is made using different dimensions of work performance and different levels of alcohol consumption. The result showed that the different levels of drinking are not directly connected with the scales of self-reported work performance, but comparatively heavy drinkers are less frequently absent and late to their work compare to those who are lighter drinkers. On the other hand, the collateral reports shows that heavy drinkers are comparatively score lower on the self-direction at work, conflict avoidance at work as well as interpersonal relations at work. In addition, the connection between the alcohol consumption and the technical aspect of performance is not clear, but the overall negative impact of alcohol consumption and technical aspects of work performance were clear based on the workplace collateral reports.
23. Boscarino, J. (1977). Alcohol career patterns in alcoholics anonymous: A systematic approach to alcoholic defined behavior. Dissertation Abstract International, 38.
This study with the help of deviant career concept explains the alcoholic behavior with the use of sociological and social psychology data. The deviant career concept was used in order to show how people come to be connected with the Alcoholics Anonymous or AA that helps to understand the understanding about deviant and non-deviant behavioral phenomena.
24. Breitenburcher, F. J. (1982). The concept of alcoholism. Dissertation Abstract International, 42.
The study focuses on the basic but important information about alcoholism such as the determinants as well as the different definition of the term alcoholism based on the past literatures and studies.
25. Bride, B. & Nackerud, L. (2002). The Disease Model of Alcoholism: A Kuhnian Paradigm. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 29(2), 125 – 136.
The said study shows an option or choice explanation regarding the reluctance of alcoholism treatment community to renounce disease model that was introduced by utilizing the Kuhn’s model of scientific progress in 1996. The study uses the scientific progress in analyzing the disease model in historical manger. The authors shows evidence regarding the materialization of the disease model as a paradigm, alcoholism research as normal science as well as the coming out of the anomaly that was followed by the crisis in the research and treatment community that are related with the alcoholism.
26. Brinkley, G. (1999). The causal relationship between socioeconomic factors and alcohol consumption: A granger causality time series analysis, 1950 – 1993. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(6), 759-768.
The study analyzes the relationship between social demographics and economic factors that influence the alcohol consumption. The effects of all the factors were measured and examined using the Granger-causality time series framework. The result showed that the economic variables are Granger-caused by the social or even demographic changes over the past four decade and have a small direct influence on intake of alcohol.
27. Campbell, R. & Langford, E. (1995). Substance Abuse in the Workplace. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers.
The authors focus on analyzing that the substance abuse in the workplace has a vital contribution to the national movement in order to cover the issue regarding drug abuse. The authors shows the entire history of the substance use and then shows the different health impacts of alcohol in daily performance primarily at work.
28. Coney, J. C. (1978). Exploring the Known and Unknown Factors in the Rates of Alcoholism Among Black and White Females. Palo Alto, California: R & E Research Association.
In spite of the fact that the dilemma regarding alcoholism had gained national and international attention, there was a small attention that was given towards the issue of alcohol to the black women. Most of the confusion comes along with the different literatures that are related to alcohol abuse among the total black population. As a result, it can be seen in the increase of alcoholism among the black females. This book or study opens the said topic by showing the different problems, methodologies as well as the different literatures in the said aspect.
29. Connors, G.J. & Maisto, S.A. Drinking Reports From Collateral Individuals. Addiction Supplement 2, 2, 21 – 29.
Subject self-reports are considered as the primary source of research and clinical data on the drinking behavior. This study focuses on the different current literature regarding on the reliability and accuracy of the alcohol abusers’ self-reports of alcohol consumption and other related behavior that are connected.
30. Conte, H. R., Pluctchnik, R. Picard, S, Galanter, M. & Jacoby, J. (1991). Sex differences in personality traits and coping styles of hospitalized alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52(1), 26 – 32.
The author studied 40 inpatients on the unit of alcohol detoxification of large municipal hospitals by undergoing them to a battery tests that consists of a coping styles scale, a personality profile scale, depression scale and the brief MAST. In addition, a demographic comparable comparison group of 40 outpatients that are attending the medical screening clinic at the same hospital had also undergone the said battery exam. The said groups were in the same age, education and ration of men to women. The result shows that there were vital differences in terms of coping styles and personality characteristics between the alcoholics and the non-alcoholics, as well as the aspect between men and women in the alcoholic group. In addition, female group in the alcoholic groups shows a great difference in terms of coping styles and personality characteristics compare to the non-alcoholic women.
31. Cyster, R. & McEwen, J. (1987). Alcohol education in the workplace. Health Education Journal, 46(4), 156 – 161.
The authors summarized the findings of the two-year research and development of project to design and implementation. It also evaluates the materials that were used in the alcohol education at the workplace. The study was based on the data that have been gathered from the major national employer of the Post Office, and then provide recommendations about the planning of the future initiatives for the said aspect.
32. Delaney, W., Grube, J., Greiner, B., Fisher, J. & Ragland, D. (2002). Job stress, unwinding and drinking in transit operators. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(4), 420 – 429.
The researchers tested the spillover model regarding the effects of the work stress on after-work drinking by using the variable length of time to unwind as the mediator. The data was gathered from 1,975 transit operators in order to participate in a personal interview. The researchers used the latent variable structural equation modeling, a model was tested that predicted that the daily job problems, skipeed meals and even less social support has a great influence in increasing the alcohol consumption, through the mediator, length of time to unwind and relax after work. The result shows that the hypothesis of the authors regarding the impact of skipped meals and daily job problem on the time to unwind and then its connection to the overall drinking habit.
33. Edwards, M. & Sproull, R. (1986). Confronting alcoholism through team evaluation. Business Horizons, 29, 78 – 83.
The authors describe the Team Evaluation and Management System or TEAMS as an effective approach in order to confront alcoholics in the workforce, due to the fact that it is suitable to the traditional methods of appraising employees.
34. Fleming, M. (1975). Hostility in recovering alcoholic women compared to non-alcoholic women, and the effect of psychodrama on the former in reducing hostility. Dissertation Abstract International, 35.
The researchers study 110 women, 82 were already recovered alcoholic, while 30, were non-alcoholic. The result showed that the recovering alcoholic shows more hostility than the non-alcoholic female does.
35. Follman, J. F, Jr. (1976). Alcoholics and Business: Problems, Costs, Solutions. New York: American Management.
This book focuses on the effects of alcoholism as well as problem drinking towards the business community, together with the entire industrial management, the employees and the organized labor. It also focuses on the health and welfare funds, as well as the different insurance programs.
36. Gradus, J., Street, A. Kelly, K. & Stafford, J. (2008). Sexual harassment experiences and harmful alcohol use in a military sample: Differences in gender and the mediating role of depression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 69(3), 348-351.
This study focuses on the investigation of symptoms of depression as a mediator of the association between sexual harassment during the military service and the harmful alcohol use using the sample of 3,946 former military personnel, stratified by gender. The result shows that women endorsed experiencing sexual harassment than men, and men endorsed harmful drinking more than women. Thus, the sexual harassment was not considered as a vital predictor of harmful alcohol use among men.
37. Hagihara, A., Tarumi, K., Miller, A., Nebeshima, F. & Nobutomo, K. (2000). Work stressors and alcohol consumption among white-collar workers: A signal detection approach. Journal of Studies of Alcohol and Drugs, 61(3), 462-465.
The authors of the study believe that in the previous literatures and studies regarding the relationship between work stress and alcohol consumption, the results were inconsistent and inconclusive. The reason behind the inconsistency is that most of the study was using the simple models like the multiple regression analysis or the analysis of variance in order to examine the relationship between work stressor and alcohol consumption. The study uses the signal detection analysis method in order to evaluate higher order interactions of work stress variables as well as to obtain data from 465 Japanese male white-collar workers. The result shows that out of 11 work stressor or work position variables, 4 significant predictors of heavy alcohol consumption were identified.
38. Harris, M. & Laura, H. (1992). Alcohol and drug use in the workplace: Issues, controversies, and directions for future research. Journal of Management, 18(2), 239 – 266.
The researchers explained that drug and alcohol use in the workplace poses different problems in terms of practical interest, thus there are not enough literatures that focus on the said subject. The authors reviewed the extant research, highlight all the major controversies and issues and then suggested about the different future studies.
39. Lazarus, B. & Adler, H. (1989). A study of workplace substance abuse programs in the hotel and motel industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 13(3), 457 – 462.
The study showed that 12% of the American workforce has substance abuse problems, and EAP’s is considered as one of the most applied employee assistance programs. The authors classified and categorized the current EAP’s as well as the perception of the managers regarding the problem about substance abuse in the hospitality industry.
40. Marchand, A., Demers, A., Durand, P. & Simard, M. (2003). The moderating effect of alcohol intake on the relationship between work strains and psychological distress. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(3), 419-427.
The authors investigated the degree where in the alcohol intake can change the relationship between psychological distress and work strains. The study was based on the data that was gathered from 10,387 employees that are positioned in 422 different occupations. The study identified the four types of alcohol drinkers which are the: abstainers, drinkers that abstained from drinking during the last 7 days; low-risk drinkers; and the high-risk drinkers. The author uses the llfeld scale in order to measure the level of the psychological distress; the work strains were also measured with accordance to the Karasek’s skill utilitzation and use the multilevel logistic regression in order to adjust the gender and age. The result showed that 6.1% of the logic variance of psychological distress was between occupations, thus the decision authority, psychological demands, work schedule, gender and even age are related with the psychological distress.
41. Malcolm, M. (1977). The system approach to alcoholism. Labor-Management Alcoholism Journal, 7, 22 – 23.
The author recommended a system approach to alcoholism and it must be used in the different employee alcoholism programs or EAPs. Thus, stating that the vital feature of the systems approach is that it does not focus on the process of determining why something happened, but it focuses on what, when and where it happened.
42. Mangione, T.W., Howland, J., Amick, B., Cote, J., Lee, M., Bell, N., And Levine, S. (1999). Employee drinking practices and work performance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 261 – 270.
The study focuses on examining the independent impacts of different drinking indicators on self-reported work performance. The method that was used is the cross-sectional mailed survey of managers, supervisors and workers at 16 different worksites. The CAGE was used in order to designate the alcohol dependency. The work performance was analyzed by different questions regarding their problems about their work during the last year. The study shows that the aspects that are related with the demographics, job characteristics as well as life-situations were no longer vital in the relationship between work performances. In addition, the moderate-heavy and heavy drinkers had reported more work problems compare with the very light, light and moderate drinkers. However, the study shows that lower-level-drinking employees are accounted for a large proportion of problems regarding work performance than the heavier drinking groups.
43. McFarlin, S., Fals-Stewart, W., Major, D. & Justice, E. (2001). Alcohol use and workplace aggression: An examination of perpetration and victimization. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(3), 303 – 321.
The study examined the relationship between victimization from and perpetration of workplace aggression between the co-workers and its relationship with the frequency of alcohol use during the last year. The study used the data that have been gathered from the 300 civilian employees that were selected from the US population by telephone interview with the psychometrically sound measures. The hierarchical regression analyses were used in order to examine and analyze the relationship between alcohol use and the workplace aggression after controlling for the sociodemographic variables. The result shows that both percentages of the days of any drinking as well as the percentage of days of the heavy drinking during the prior year were related to victimization from verbal as well as physical aggression at work and perpetration of verbal and physical aggression at work.
44. McGowant, R. & Thoreson, R. (1983). Employment factors in outpatient recovery of alcoholics: A multivariate study. Addictive Behaviors, 8, 345 – 351.
The study shows the result of the investigations that were done in the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Lexington, Kentucky. All of the 175 subjects had a primary alcoholism were assigned to one of the three treatment group, where in the employed alcoholics were compare to unemployed alcoholics were associated with the treatment outcome in positive way.
45. McLaughlin, D. (1992). A survey of the views of senior managers on the consumption of alcohol by staff at health authority social occasions. Health Education Journal, 51(1), 20 – 22.
The study was carried in the Oldman Health Authority that focuses in identifying the views of the managers on the issue of consumption of alcohol of the staff at health authority informal social occasions. The result showed that there were already considerable information social norms that govern the alcohol consumption at different parties and events, especially those that are related to the concerns of the staffs to maintain their professional image as well as responsibilities.
46. Moore, S., Sikora, P. Grunberg, L. & Greenberg, E. (2007). Work stress and alcohol use: Examining the tension-reduction model as a function of worker’s parent’s alcohol use. Addictive Behavior, 32(12), 3114-3121.
This study focuses on identifying the groups that are more vulnerable to the tension-reduction drinking by examining if the drinking alcohol in response to the work stress changes as a function if the workers were raised in homes where in parents are abstained from alcohol; at least one parent drank non-problematically; at least one parent drank problematically; or both parents drank problematically. The study uses the longitudinal study with the population of 895. The result shows that a number of vital correlations were found for those respondents that reported that both of their parents are abstained from alcohol; few were found in for the groups where in one parent drank with or without alcohol problems.
47. Moos, R. & Moos, B. (1998). The staff workplace and the quality and outcome of substance abuse treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 59(1), 43-51.
The researchers analyze the connection between the staff work environment and the staff members’ belief regarding the treatment, the quality of the treatment environment, the involvement in the treatment and more importantly the self-help activities and improvement during the treatment. The data was gathered from 329 patient care staff in15 substance abuse treatment programs that reported the characteristics of their working environment as well as their belief regarding the treatment process. The result shows that those staffs in the supportive and goal-directed work environments were more likely to support the disease model beliefs as well as the 12-step orientation to the substance abuse treatment. Thus, patients in the said environments are participative.
48. Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Zemore, S. & Greenfield, T. (2008). Social disadvantage, stress and alcohol use among black, Hispanic and white Americans: Findings from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(6), 824-833.
The study focuses on one of the most important gap in the said subject, and that is the health effects of the social disadvantage on the majority populations towards the alcohol problems. The researchers analyze the social disadvantage as a source of stress and its connection with the use and problem of alcohol in the three largest racial or ethnic groups in the U.S. The data on the white, black and the Hispanic Americans of 6.631 were obtained via the report of U.S. National Alcohol Survey in 2005, with the use of telephone survey of adults ages 18 and above. Different social disadvantages were measured by poverty level, frequency of unfair treatment, racial or ethnic stigma consciousness and the cumulative disadvantage. The result shows that the blacks and the Hispanics shows a greater exposure to the social disadvantage than white, however the three ethic groups show that the exposure to disadvantage are connected with the drinking problems.
49. Oddvar, A. (1973). The role of alcohol in fatal accidents among seamen. British Journal of Addiction, 68, 185 – 189.
The author explained that alcohol is involved in 1/3 of the entire fatal accidents in Norwegian merchant seaman. The data was presented at the Third International Conference on Alcoholism and Addictions, Cardiff, in September 1970.
50. Paschall, M., Ringwalt, C. & Flewelling, R. (2002). Explaining higher levels of alcohol use among working adolescents: An analysis of potential explanatory variables. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 63(2), 169 – 178.
The study explained and showed the higher rates of alcohol use by observing the working adolescent compare to those that are not working. The data was gathered by in-home survey from 4,497 representatives who are 14 – 17 years old who participated in the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse or NHSDA. The multivariate logistic regression analyses were used in order to determine the relationship between work status and past-month alcohol use, heavy drinking would persist after adjusting the demographic characteristics and selected risk and protective factors in the community, family, school and the peer-individual domains. The result shows that higher rates of past-month alcohol use and heavy drinking were reported by working than nonworking adolescents.
51. Pratt, O. & Tucker, M. (1989). Approaches to the Alcohol Problem in the Workplace. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 24(5), 453 – 464.
The authors of the study focuses on the main problem if alcohol or alcoholism in the workplace is identified as alcohol-related accidents, reduced work performance and loss of working time. The study also focuses on the heavy cost of the said problem for different industry. It had been able to show the historical perspective regarding the said problem and suggest that there are scopes for large savings from an effective campaign in order to reduce the different alcohol-related problems in the workplace.
52. Richman, J., Shinsako, S., Rospenda, K., Flaherty, J. & Freels, S. (2002). Workplace harassment/abuse and alcohol-related outcomes: The mediating role of psychological distress. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 63(4), 412-419.
The author of the study focuses on the importance of tension-reduction or self-medication perspective regarding the issue of alcohol use and misuse. The study also explains that the role of the psychological distress plays in the process of mediating the relationship between harassing and abusive international experiences in the workplace as well as the changing alcohol use and misuse. The method that was used was mail survey that was completed by the university employees. The result shows that harassment and abuse predicted the drinking outcomes and the psychological distress, and focuses on the fact of relationship between harassment/abuse and drinking outcomes that are somewhat intervened by distress.
53. Roberst, R. (1988). Hiccups in alcohol education. Health Education Journal, 47 (2 – 3), 73 – 76.
The article shows some of the problems that are related with the effectiveness of alcohol education. The author stated that consideration is considered as one of the most taken for granted area in the literature review regarding the subject. Thus, suggested that there must be an increase in the cognitive dissonance in the health educators’ own consumption of alcohol, historical aspects as well as the temperance movement.
54. Scharamm, C. J. (Ed.) (1977). Alcoholism and Its Treatment in Industry. Baltimore: Hohn Hopkins.
The editor assembled different selected papers about the subject of alcoholism in the workplace. The said study is the product of the editor’s development of the teaching materials for the course The Problems of Work at the John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health.
55. Sheldon, M. (1986). How to tell if alcoholism treatment has worked: Assessing outcome studies. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 555 – 556.
The author stated that if the objective diagnosis of alcoholism is not made, and if the data collected were not analyzed objectively, the process of determining the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment will be difficult.
56. Smith, C., Roberts, J., Kelly, T. & Smith, E. (1989). People’s knowledge of alcohol – a workplace survey. Health Education Journal, 48(1), 33 – 35.
The author conducted the study by conducting a survey with the help of self-completion questionnaires about the factual knowledge of alcohol and its impact, before the education and training about alcohol. The result of the study shows that most of the people in that particular work-force do not have enough knowledge regarding alcohol.
57. Sonnenstuhl, W. (1996). Working Sober: The Transformation of an Occupational Drinking Culture. New York: Cornell University Press.
Most of American believes that workers do not drink on the job, and if they do, it is due to the fact that they are suffering from alcoholism and it is not connected with the occupational expectations and satisfaction. The author disagrees with the said notion, instead he believe that there are some organizational and occupational cultures that encourage heavy drinking. In addition, it describes how drinking is considered as the standard in some of occupation by showing how the New York bridge as well as tunnel workers, together with their respective union had changed in order to remove the said problem. Thus, the author concluded that the sense of community that motivates the drinking can sometimes inspire workers to break the said pattern and work somber.
58. Sterud, T., Hem, E., Ekeberg, O. & Lau, B. (2007). Occupational stress and alcohol use: A study of two nationwide samples of operational police and ambulance, personnel in Norway. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(6), 896-904.
The police and the ambulance personnel are widely believed to have the high prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption, however, the empirical basis for the said theory or assumption is limited or nothing at al. the authors assessed the association of the alcohol consumption, burnout and the job stressor with the drinking to cope and the neuroticism as the important factors in the police and ambulance services. The study used the comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 2,372 police and 1,096 ambulance personnel in the operational duty. The questionnaire was consists of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or AUDIT, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Job Stress Survey and the Basic Character Inventory. The result shows that with the modified AUDIT score f 6 or more, the prevalence for men was 17.7% for police personnel and 16.6% for ambulance personnel. On the other hand, the prevalence for women was 9.1% for police personnel and 7.4% for ambulance personnel.
59. Streufert, S., Pogash, R., Roache, J., Walter, S., Gingrich, D., Landis, R., Lonardi, L. & Kantner, A. (1994). Alcohol and managerial performance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 55(2), 230-238.
This study investigated on the effects of alcohol intoxication at .05 and .10 breath alcohol concentration with other validated indicators of the performance of the manager using the double-blind crossover placebo-controlled simulation design. 48 managers spend their 2 days handling quasi-experimental tasks that are permitted realistic managerial decision-making under the normal and emergency condition. The result showed that the speed and frequency of the action of the manager were affected by alcohol at .10 level but not on .05 level. Thus, the strategy and planning lessen in both levels.
60. Trice, H. M. & Roman. P. M. (1987). Spirit and Demons at Work: Alcohol and Other Drugs on the Job. 2nd edn. Ithaca, New York.: New York School of Industrial Relations, Cornell University.
The book focuses on the job behaviors of alcoholics and other drug abusers. The authors of the study use the constructive confrontation strategy as their tool in motivating people into help. This book is considered as vital in the said subject and field due to the fact that it shows an excellent analysis and redesign of the programs that offers alternatives and different new approaches towards the female employees.
PROS AND CONS OF NULL HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis represents no relationship between the variables that are being studied. Thus it acts as both the starting point as well as the benchmarking against which the actual outcomes of the study can be measured (Salkind, 2006, pp. 138 – 140). It acts as the starting due to the fact that it is the state of affairs that is accepted as true in the absence of any other information. On the other hand, it helps to provide benchmark against which observed outcomes can be compare to be see if the said differences are due to some other important factor (Salkind, 2006, p. 141).
As a result, it helps to define a range within which any observed differences between groups can be attributed chance or are due to something other than chance (Salkind, 2006, p. 142).
The main advantage of Null Hypothesis is that it failure to reject the null hypothesis can help to develop and test alternative hypothesis that can help to broaden the study. Furthermore it is also helpful in testing the importance of differences in terms of treatment as well as control groups. Furthermore, although in may statement of null hypothesis there the directionality cannot be seen, however, it is opposite, in most of the cases, with the help of statistical theory, it can help to allow the formulation of the tests procedure in order to be simplified in order to make sure that the test is equal to the testing for the given identity (Fisher, 1966).
The main disadvantage or cons of null hypothesis is that it is boring, compare with alternative hypothesis. This is due to the fact that it focuses on the statement that a person wants to test, thus it shows that idea that things are the same as each other or the same as the theoretical expectation (McDonald 2008).
In addition, many researchers as well as reviewers see accepting the null as a failure of the experiment. It has an image of very poor science as accepting or rejecting any hypothesis is a positive result. Thus, even if the null is not refuted, the world of science has learned something new. Strictly speaking, the word failure should only be applied to errors in terms of experimental design as well as incorrect initial assumption (Experiment Resources 2008).
References
Fisher, R.A. (1966). The design of experiments. 8th edn. Hafner:Edinburgh.
McDonald, J. H. (2008). Handbook of Biological Statistics. Sparky House Publishing Baltimore, Maryland, Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/stathyptesting.html
Null Hypothesis 2008, Experiment Resources, Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http://www.experiment-resources.com/null-hypothesis.html
Salkind, N. (2006). Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics: The Excel Edition. SAGE.
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