Research Topics

Law Essay and Problem Solving: Company Law

Company Law             Based on the given case and the corporate laws, it can be said that the directors of companies in Hong Kong SAR should adopt an approach where they are able to promote the success of the company for the benefit of all its members which also include their shareholders. Accordingly, the directors of various organizations should be able to ensure that all members are benefited.  It can be mentioned that corporate governance is centered on the careful administration of the processes involved particularly on the relationships among all the stakeholders (Bhattacharya, 2000). Accordingly, directors should work effectively for the benefits of all members of the company which include the shareholders also. Though there are issues concerning the context of maximizing the values of shareholders, it is more important that all other members and stakeholders should also be given importance by the directors. Some authors mentioned that there is a need for rational approaches through which the directors can be induced to ensure the maximization of shareholders’ wealth at the same time protecting the interests of all parties involved, including the managers, large and small shareholders, and creditors and other investors. Jobber (1998) reports that this kind of approaches are being implemented within diverse stakeholder groups for the purposes of determining the most valuable ways to manage essential business resources through the utilization of methodical methods as result of empirical studied taken among various fields of application. Thus, efficient approaches by the director are considered good for all the members because it serves mainly on the most effectual control and management of organizational operations. It can develop corporate performance by minimizing the total cost of aligning managers’ and shareholders’ incentives, and of unavoidable self-interested managerial behavior (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The directors’ good governance is good for all the members because it provides proper incentives for the Board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and its shareholders. In addition, the directors should also facilitate effective monitoring thereby encouraging firms to use their resources more efficiently and ensure that the company adheres to the needs of the employees and the community as well. Aside from protecting stakeholders’ rights, it also focuses on the guaranteed achievement of organizational objectives leading to outstanding corporate performance and profitability. It must be remembered that the directors have full responsible emerging culture of effective corporate actions which is directed to a competitive company conduct and performance. Thus, the company’s position on corporate governance is among their competitive edge against their rivals, general business strategy and performance.               On the given case, it can be noticed that the shareholders of SBS CO Ltd (A, B, C, D) has encountered problems in terms of decision-making approaches. It can be mentioned that the failure of the management of the SBS Co Ltd to strategically decide on its venture and contracts with SM Ltd, have been one of the major caused of their sales reduction.  In this regard, to be able to solve the this kind of problem, shareholders must be provided with legal and specific actions for their negligence that cause major problems in the financial and economic status of SBS. The risk issue that can be noted is in terms of its inefficient and strategic decision making approach as well as having a vague and ambiguous firm economic and practice objectives which has been neglected by shareholders of SBS. It is said that in an organization, indistinct, unclear or vague economic and practice objectives are oftentimes an indication of an absence of direction towards outcomes that are compatible with the personal, professional and economic objectives of the business, which may lead for having conflicts and risks that will affect the company. And this situation has been encountered by the four shareholders, as they made decisions that affect the performance of the company. Herein, the venture to SM Ltd that required major financial support, since SM Ltd has financial problems. In order to resolve problematic matters and support business plans, the shareholders attempted to consider various strategies. However, the company’s strategies, specifically their strategic plan only went from one major loss to the next. Because of the inability of the management to have a strategic decision making, which leads to wrong investments and partnerships, the company’s growth slowed down considerably. As a result more of its weaknesses had grown more apparent. Financial losses and various cases against the company had resulted to a major downfall. In order to solve the third issue, the company has been able to initiate a proper and strategic decision-making of the company. Herein, the company’s decision were made strategically by identifying first the pros and cons of the decision that they made. The management sees to it that everybody should agree to the decision so that further conflict or risks within the company would not arise. Good decision making can be attributed as one of the vital factors that will help the business to achieve its core mission and objective. This alternative is helpful in a way that it can make the company more competitive and survive in the marketing environment. Furthermore, in terms of the negligence of the shareholders (A, B, C, D) proper actions must be undertaken since they brought the company to a major problem.  In this regard, the company can take immediate actions for these shareholders by suspending them to some controls of the company and/or filing lawsuits against them if legal issues are concerns. On the other hand, the shareholders can also be subjected to regulatory and governmental authorities if in case these shareholders have breach the laws and regulations that leads to company problems. Since there is an involved winding up actions, the official receiver/liquidator of the company may investigate the conduct of the shareholders and evaluate their past and present activities and pursue litigation against the shareholders. The case of these shareholders and their issue on financial losses due to their wrong decisions and plans serves as a realization to have an effective management approach. In this regard, the company must be able to have the ability to identify the issue.  The company may also use some approaches to analyze the actions to be undertaken against the shareholders. Criticality Analysis enables companies to assess and evaluate risks that focus on the gravity of the consequences of an event. The Criticality Analysis involves the identification of an initiating event that can turn out to be risky, the outcome of the initiating risk event, the mode of failure in the negative outcome, and the consequences that are faced by a particular organization. If critical thinking has been prioritized by the company, its management could have developed better and more practical financial decisions. This is because the presence of critical thinkers in the workplace promotes results-orientedness, openness to ideas, willingness to change as well as flexibility. Furthermore, critical thinker develop better decisions as they are more analytical, assertive, creative, observant and spirited to take on challenges and risks. It can be concluded that, based on the case of the SBS Co Ltd and SM Ltd  it is important that every shareholders in the business field should know how to manage or to handle situations in order for the business to achieve success and to be able to managed risks effectively. In our case, it is important that the lessons learned from these issues should serve as enlightenment in making efficient approach and decision making. The company is responsible in taking actions against anyone that puts the company in trouble which leads to performance failures. In accordance to theory, the directors of public companies are held responsible for their action by their shareholders. On the other hand, the authority of the shareholders to influence the behavior of the company directors should also be monitored to avoid power abused. By and large, it can be said that shareholders have duties to perform and so the management of the company. If the former is doing some illegal actions and misconduct, then the management of the company should take immediate actions and that includes the suspension or other lawsuits that can be provided to the one who made the mistake, like in this case the shareholders of SBS Co Ltd (A, B, C and D). Currently, different companies have been attracting a significant deal of interest from the public due to its apparent purpose and significance for the general economic health of various corporations as well as the society.   Reference Bhattacharya, C. B. (2000) Relationship Marketing in Mass Markets, Handbook of Relationship Marketing, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.   Chen, J. (2004) Corporate Governance in China, New York: RoutledgeCourzon.     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Law Essay and Problem Solving: Company Law

Company Law Based on the given case and the corporate laws, it can be said that the directors of companies in Hong Kong SAR should adopt an approach where they are able to promote the …

Singapore’s model of perspiration is the benchmark of Asia’s economic growth

INTRODUCTION   This is an analysis of the success of Singapore based on the model of perspiration. The essence of this paper will focus on how Singapore’s model of perspiration is the benchmark of Asia’s economic growth. A conclusion will end this paper taking on the key points that have been discussed all through the paper.   ANALYSIS   The basis of the author for posing the premise is the statement of Krugman (1994), between 1966 and 1999, the Singapore economy grew a remarkable 8.5percent per annum, three times as fast as the United States; per capita income grew at a 6.6 percent rate, roughly doubling every decade. This achievement seems to be a kind of economic miracle. But the miracle turns out to have been based on perspiration rather than inspiration; Singapore grew through a mobilization of resources. The employed share of the population surged from 27 to 51 percent. The educational standards of that work force were dramatically upgraded: while in 1966 more than half the workers had no formal education at all, by 1990 two-thirds had completed secondary education. Above all, the country had made an awesome investment in physical capital: investment as share of output rose from 11 to more than 40 percent. The author believes that the model posed by the success of Singapore is also the benchmark of the success of the economic growth in Asia. According to Business Dictionary (2008), benchmark is the set of standards, used a point of evaluating performance or level of quality. It can be drawn from a firm’s own experience, from the experience of other firms in the industry, or from legal requirements such as environmental regulations. Hence, taking into consideration as to what is happening in the economy of several Asian countries and the success of the economy of Singapore, the model of perspiration is the benchmark of it.             It is the author’s perception that the meaning of model of perspiration is the system wherein the success of the organization or to be more specific Singapore, through the happening of a series of mobilization and realization of proper ideas that are presently available but have realized thru the exhaustion of effort. On the other hand, model of inspiration means that one’s success was taking into consideration but the realization of it has not transpired, because the idea has not been used.             Today, according to Kuroda (2008), Asia’s record on economic growth and poverty reduction has been nothing short of stunning. The dramatic growth that has spread by several Asian countries has brought tremendous benefits to the people of Asia, and to the world. He also further stated that the per capita income in developing Asia as a whole grew in real terms, from less than 0 in 1967 to over 00 in 2005. During a small period, the average life expectancy rose from 53 years to more than 67 years.             Furthermore, it is proper to say that the resource of Asia is with abundance hence the proper utilization of such resources must be taken into consideration. The first thing that made Singapore progress is the fact that they know that the country lacks enough laborers who are skilled or had enough educational background to be part of a highly competitive. Hence, the allocation of enough budgets to make the educational aspect of the country progress is the key for the subject company’s success.             According to Li (2002), the conceptual contract between poverty and equality is that there must be a bottom line of economic survival, and that everyone should have an equal opportunity to progress upward from the bottom line. Hence governments, maintain a rather small public sector, and provide incentives to various economic agents, who will exercise their choice and freedom in expanding economic welfare. Furthermore, at the economy-wide level, an increase in output generates higher earnings and incomes for households. The output-income-expenditure relationship in macroeconomics points squarely to the importance of output generation to prior expenditure.             Hence, the importance of letting the citizens know the value of their outcomes and their efforts are vital to the existence of the economy is also necessary. The success of Singapore was attributed to the fact that the skills of the citizens are given an apparent in the country because they have been given the proper acknowledgement in the economic setting by giving them the proper education hence giving them the position in the development of industries.             According to Hiroshi (1992), in the banking aspect, the expansion of the trade between Southeast Asia and the West facilitated the development of Singapore as an international financial centre as well as an international transit port. Hence, from this analysis of Hiroshi it can be inferred that the matter of success of the Singapore is not only attributed to the fact that it need to suffer more but just to continuously use their position in the international field. In the banking sector, as Singapore is placed in that position, it must have made a way to prolong such existence and to prevent the happening of some mishap that could lead to its downfall.             Lastly, the economic growth in Asia is a part of the model of perspiration because success cannot be attained without suffering enough pain and maybe to perspire a little. Copying the strategies of Singapore in relation to their success does not conclude that the same success will also happen.             Furthermore, the application of the strategy of Singapore will really result into the same success if such application was done in consideration of the countries’ own strengths and weaknesses. Singapore is different from other countries, as to the culture, the number of citizens, the amount of resources, and the adaptability of the whole country itself.             It is also noteworthy to include what Kuroda has said “Driven by the private sector, market-led regional economic growth integration has deepened, especially in East Asia, as value chains and productions networks have grown. East Asia’s governments have embraced economic cooperation through various dialogues and formal ministerial processed, whether in ASEAN frameworks, or in growing cooperation in South Asia and the Central Asian Republics. And each success story builds a firm foundation for further progress, raising hope for the less-developed economies of Asia and the Pacific that they too could replicate the achievements of their high-performing neighbors.   CONCLUSION                         It right for the writer to conclude that that success of Asia’s economic growth is attributed to the fact that the country has been using its resources in a way that is beneficial to the citizens. The standard set by Singapore was to help other countries to step out from their comfort zone and look to what the future can bring to the stability of the countries’ success.             The model of perspiration is not a model which means success does not ensued upon copying one’s strategy but to look to the things that are applicable to one’s setting and give focus to that matter.   RESOURCES: Business Dictionary, 2008, viewed 8 September 2008, <http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/benchmark.html>.   Kuroda, H., 2008, Challenges for the Asian Economy in 2008 and Beyond, Asian Development Bank, viewed 8 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Speeches/2008/ms2008005.asp>.   Hiroshi, S., 1999, Japan and Singapore in the World Economy: Japan’s Economic Advance into Singapore, 1870-1965, Routledge, London.   Krugman, P. 1994, The Mythe of Asia’s Miracle, viewed 8 September 2008, <http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/myth.html>.   Li, K, 2002, Capitalist Development and Economism in East Asia: The Rise of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea, Routledge, London.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Singapore’s model of perspiration is the benchmark of Asia’s economic growth

INTRODUCTION This is an analysis of the success of Singapore based on the model of perspiration. The essence of this paper will focus on how Singapore’s model of perspiration is the benchmark of …

MARKETING

Question 1: Buying Computers Online at www.dell.com (Dell–Hongkong site:) 1.1       Small Business category offers the best deals when buying computers in bulk. It is much better than the Medium/Large Business category. Small Business category offers computers at a discounted price when buying online unlike with the Medium/Large Business category where offers are more expensive at the same bulk and yet no discounts too!             But when it comes to technical specifications, Medium/Large Business category offers more. It provides customers with online help or guide, which they call a Workstation Advisor, when buying computers so customers could buy computers that are for their specific needs. However, Small Business category also has specific technicalities, like it could offer basic to advance computer needs.             Yet between the two, the Small Business category is still the best choice. I will present you with a comparison of two desktop systems that they offer:             DimensionTM 1100 – A desktop system for basic essentials. But could still be customized for multimedia needs. It offers a great value for entry level. Costs HK,899 but if bought online, only costs HK,799. Dell Online limits 5 units per customer only. This system is great for consumers and small business that need internet, email and basic productivity applications. It has Intel Celeron 3.06Ghz processor, genuine WindowsXP Home SP2 Edition (Traditional Chinese) (with label) operating system, 90 days warranty with technical phone support, 512MB 400Mhz DDR SDRAM memory, 80GB 7200RPM hard drive, an Intel 865GV chipset, 16X Max DVD-ROM Drive, 15” Flat Panel LCD Monitor (analog only), Dell USB keyboard in traditional Chinese, Dell Optival USB Mouse with Dell Mouse Mat, Integrated 2.1 Audio, Integrated 10/100 Fast Ethernet, Intel Extreme Graphics, System Driver CD kit, and McAfee Security Center in Traditional Chinese.             DimensionTM 3100 – A desktop system for an affordable multimedia experience. Also customizeable to better suit customer needs. It offers a great value for entertainment level. Costs HK,799 but if bought online, only costs HK,199. Also limited to 5 units per customer only. This system is ideal for those who want basic entertainment options and the ability to customize their product at an attractive price. With mainstream performance and an ability to expand to meet tomorrow’s needs, Dimension 3100 is a great choice. It has Intel Pentium 4 with HT Technology processor, genuine Windows XP Home SP2 Edition in Traditional Chinese for operating system, 1 year warranty with onsite response (parts + labor), future technical support, 512MB DDR2 533MHz SDRAM memory, 80GB 3.0 Gb/s hard drive, 48X Max DVD/CD-RW combo drive, Integrated 2.1 audio, Dell USB keyboard in traditional Chinese, Dell Optical USB Mouse, Integrated Broadcom 10/100 Ethernet Networking, system driver kit, Integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator, and McAfee Security Center in traditional Chinese.             All are inclusive of shipping, handling and insurance charges. 1.2       The site is great for online buyers! It is user-friendly and browsing is done at ease. Categories are simplified for users to easily identify the help or support needed. It has Workstation Advisor for potential buyers and Solution Center for those who need technical support.                   Dell’s solutions helps customers get started, maintain computers and guarantee maximum productivity.     Question 2: Acting in the same manner but with difference in Cultural Values             I have to agree. But let me clear out first that people don’t act the same, but similarly only to a point where it differs somehow.             Values vary depending on cultural differences where you came from (2002). Throughout man’s history and development, conflicts arise in all formats. Yet, despite the survival nature of man, these conflicts are always controlled for the benefit of the majority. In a more easier light, although man involves himself with a conflict of whatsoever, he always makes sure that his main purpose is for others to sustain from that act.             This has happened over the centuries in the similar manner but done in different approach. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) in France and EDSA Revolution (1986) in the Philippines are examples. Both had shown hostility over rulings. In The Reign of Terror,  showed efforts of creating a secular society through the guillotine where he was later executed for his participation (1995).  on the other hand, similar to  secular society, created the new society. Because of his alleged devotion to develop the Philippines’ economic status, had declared Martial Law ( 1991).             If we sum it up, both leaders, though coming from different place and time, wanted the best for their subordinates. What failed them was their greed for power and how they handled their leadership and subordinates.     Question 3: Does the notion of high “status crystallization” in society reduce the usefulness of social class as a predictor of consumption behaviour.             First of all, status crystallization has never been accurately or correctly measured or formulated for it to claim any sort of thing. And yet, since its first introduction half a century ago, status crystallization have always been associated with distributive system, social mobility and various sociological issues ( 2003).             In the basic context, status crystallization is the measure of whether persons with a disproportionate share of economic resources are also persons with a comparable share of social prestige (, 2003). So the answer is yes.             In our current social structure, it is not hard to differentiate consumption styles. These behaviors merely correspond with various levels of income (, 2003).     Question 4: How would you compare Global Marketing against International Marketing?             Strategies play a major role in marketing. There is not much difference with strategies when it comes to Global and International Marketing. Global marketing just does its market in a broader perspective. International marketing meanwhile, involves the states with great importance. But due to noticeable involvement of multinational corporations in international trades, some author refer global marketing as international marketing (2000).     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

MARKETING

Question 1: Buying Computers Online at www.dell.com (Dell–Hongkong site:)

1.1 Small Business cat…

Universal truths in “The Odyssey” and “The Apologie of Socrates”

Universal Truths in “The Odyssey” and “The Apologies”    “The Odyssey” by Homer             One of the universal truths that can be identified in the epic is loyalty, which is being depicted when Odysseus came back to Aeaea for the funeral rites and burial of Elpenor. Circe also shows loyalty to Odysseus for providing help, supplies, and warnings regarding their journey that will commence on the dawn of the next day. This is considered a universal truth because loyalty also leads to goodness that can be exhibited by anybody, not only by the characters in the epic. Loyalty is an important virtue that can be used in a myriad of ways and in different situations, such as in expressing true and sincere friendship, in showing true love, and in showing respect to others, especially to leaders. In addition, it is considered a universal truth, for the meaning of loyalty cannot be changed, despite the number of ways of its expression, and the variety of ways when one will be able to exhibit loyalty.             Another universal truth that can be identified in the epic is keeping promises, which is also related to loyalty. Odysseus kept his promise and returned to attend the burial and funeral rites of Elpenor. In addition, keeping promises is also an important virtue in the epic, for as Odysseus and his men met and survived their challenges, they will be facing their most dangerous test, which is to be tempted in the island of Thrinacia. Their promise is to never hurt Helios’ sacred cattle to be able to go home safely. Unfortunately, Odysseus’ men are not able to keep their promise and slaughtered the finest cattle of Helios. Because of this, Zeus sent a strong storm that killed all Odysseus’ men. This is a universal truth because like loyalty, keeping promises signify one’s respect for others. The story makes us realize that if one does not keep promises, then other persons may be enraged, thus, displeasing the person and destroying their trust on the person. An additional universal truth that can be identified is man’s struggle with fighting temptation, which is also experienced by Odysseus and his men when they passed the territory of the Sirens. Although Odysseus almost surrendered to the call of the Sirens, he was able to fight the temptation through the help of Circe. This is an important universal truth because as weak human beings, we are always subjected to temptations that will test our own will and our ability to fight them. It is important to recognize this universal truth because like Odysseus, each of us needs the guidance and a strong will to be able to fight the temptations that will come our way. Like what happened to Odysseus, the answer to the temptation of the Sirens is through stuffing their ears with beeswax, which a simple and practical solution to the temptation of the Sirens. Similarly, the solution for giving in to temptations is to get away from them, which is as simple and practical as what Odysseus and his men did.             “The Apology” by Plato              An important universal truth expressed by Plato in his speech is doing what is right, regardless of life or death, which is an important truth to take note of because doing what is right in every situation would lead to truth. This is related to one’s consciousness, which transcends our spirituality. Doing what is right contributes to the improvement of one’s soul, thus, improving the way one thinks and improving one’s ways or attitudes. This an important universal truth that must be incorporated in the lives of every individual, as being righteous leads to goodness that transcends time and place. Being righteous and good improves not only the spiritual aspect of the human being, but improves also his or her humanity, thus, improving the society.             Another important universal truth is acting with knowledge, which allows one to be able to perceive and recognize ignorance and goodness. One will be able to use knowledge in applying goodness and righteousness to every situation, which would enable one to improve his or her spirituality and humanity. With the use of proper knowledge, one will be able to perceive the things and events around him or her, and have the chance to further develop as a person. Knowledge can also be shared, just as Plato and other philosophers did during their time, despite the criticisms that they receive from the society. Moreover, with knowledge, one will be able to assess and evaluate the effects of his or her actions that will cause harm or advantages. Acting with knowledge is a universal truth, such that it transcends time and place, as its meaning transcends or encompasses a myriad of concepts and ideas. Acting with knowledge is similar with doing what is right, in terms of transcending time and place, as the meaning of both ideas do not change over time, but only the means of obtaining them. Doing what is right and acting with knowledge lead to righteousness and goodness, which would in turn improve the human race and the society as well.     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Universal truths in “The Odyssey” and “The Apologie of Socrates”

Universal Truths in “The Odyssey” and “The Apologies” “The Odyssey” by Homer One of the universal truths that can be identified in the epic is loyalty, which is being depicted when O…

Case Study of Entrepreur’s

1.      What is the opportunity that the entrepreneur’s) in the case have identified?  10%   In this case study, the opportunity to open up a new tent manufacturing business that will cater to the existing and emerging trends in the market, which are neglected by Wilderness’ management and their business strategy, is identified.     2.      How would you assess the entrepreneurs) in the case? Do they have the skills, knowledge, experience, resources and motivations to undertake the opportunity identified in the case. 10%   Based on their personal backgrounds, the entrepreneurs have their own strengths and weaknesses in terms of the skills, knowledge, experience, resources and motivations. These can be used to do good or even harm the new business. For being the main man, he is guided with experiences in his previous employments. The previous employment experiences of  enable him to acquire skills, knowledge and other important competencies that make him a competent vice president in Wilderness. His engineering background is very appropriate on the aspect of manufacturing. He indeed has keen attention to details as he diagnosed the problems in Wilderness. He is gifted with the ability to solve problems using new formula rather than the existing standards. His attitudes towards planning and execution are very commendable.  is a risk taker, a trait that is very fundamental to every entrepreneur. He is very optimistic and flexible. He is motivated with the desire to fill the gaps of the current tent manufacturing industry in the country. Although this seemed to be very ambitious, it worked to his advantage as he was able to motivate himself to provide products and quality service to the customers, thus resulting to an opportunity to come up with his own business. The only problem on  is the lack of capital for the business to be launched. For , he is also capable to work in opening up a new tent manufacturing industry but he is not in the operations but in managing people. This is based on his previous experiences as leader way back his academic years. His ability to work harmoniously with people will bring positive feedback to the business as it is considered that people are the fuels of the business. Same with, the knowledge and experience are based on their previous employment. Moore is motivated by the promising opportunity that is offering him. He is also fascinated with  character as manifested in his high regard to the man. However, his constant admiration to  might result to blind obedience or potential problems in their professional working relationships. This also goes to since both have their individual core competencies. Like he is also lacking in financial resources, which is a main factor in putting up a new business.   3.      Evaluate the opportunity that is identified in the case using the analytical tools you have covered in class 50% points.   Political <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Government regulations and other legislation now mandate the establishment, integrity, accessibility and long-term retention of business </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Laws governing competition exist and should be complied upon </li> </ul>   Economic <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Economic trends such as inflation and other economic factors that may hinder the economy, market niche, and eventually consumer purchasing power </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Higher tariffs </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Prices of raw materials, labor and production costs are overwhelming </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Industry trends that can affect financial resources </li> </ul>   Social <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Changes in people’s lifestyle and other market demographics </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Consumer buying behaviors and trends that emerge and changes </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> The strong influence of technology </li> </ul>   Technology <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> The advancements in manufacturing technology </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> The ambivalence of technology as it can create threats and opportunities for the business </li> </ul>     4.      Based on your evaluation, should the entrepreneurs start the business? Why? 10%   The opportunity is present at hand and can be of great potential but not on the case of and  Provided that  and agreed on having this type of venture, it is not yet the right time to start the business because of the following reasons: ·        Market trends o       The inability of the six major tent manufacturers to deliver quality products and services to customers because they were unable to keep pace wit the growing market o       Poor deliveries prevailed in this period, while production by the “big six” was expanding at an annual rate of 20 percent o       Strong retail demand leading to a severe erosion of product quality as a result of haphazard industry expansion ·        Financial and manpower constraints o       The lacking or even missing source of capital for the business o       Labor capital is critical ·        Corporate reputation risk as a result of the scandal on the sudden resignation of both upper management employee     5.      Would you invest in this opportunity? 10%   With the consideration of all the discussions provided above, I will not invest in this opportunity as there are many challenges that are still needed to be addressed by  and . Uncertainty is high. Any investment is risky, thus sound decision making and taking are needed.     6.      Can you see a better opportunity? If so, describe. 10% There is another opportunity for  and  but not at the present situation. They should work more on their ‘ambitious’ plan. They needed more solutions to the barriers of starting up the venture. Also, the source of financial capital is very difficult. Another opportunity that is considered better is for to compromise with the current management of Wilderness and present his arguments and points in the proper managerial forum. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Case Study of Entrepreur’s

1. What is the opportunity that the entrepreneur’s) in the case have identified? 10% In this case study, the opportunity to open up a new tent manufacturing business that will cater to the e…

MENTAL DISORDER

MENTAL DISORDER Introduction Mental Health is the capability of a person, the group and the environment to communicate with each other in manners that enhance self-esteem, the holistic progress and utilization of cognitive capabilities (2005). The definition of mental health reflects a number of themes, including psychological and social harmony and integration, quality of life and general well- being, self-actualization and growth, effective personal adaptation, and the mutual influences of the individual, the group, and the environment. Furthermore, it emphasizes the social context of mental health by explicitly indicating the importance of social justice and equality to mental well-being. The definition also recognizes that all individuals possess a capacity for mental health, whether or not they have a mental disorder.             With the emergence of different mental health problems, psychiatric nursing tries to handle and control the problems brought by mental illness and mental disorder towards their societies.        A.   Brief Biography   Mary Browning is 54 year old part-time teaching assistant in a local primary school. She lives at home with her husband John and two cats. She is premenopausal and consults her doctor about feeling tired recently. Clinically the doctor suspected that Mary is a little anemic and arranged some blood tests. Physical examination of  revealed nutritional deficiencies and excesses in addition to weight changes that led to her depressive disorder. Pre-menopausal women are at risk of developing late-life depressive disorder. B. Symptoms of the Disorder Mary Browning experienced more physical illness than younger individuals. She attributed her depressive symptoms to concurrent medical problems: the demoralization and fatigue that accompany her physical illness or the effect of prescribed medications (2002). Persons over the age of 65 represent only 12-13% of the population but receive approximately one-third of medications prescribed. Mary Browning cited that she bore a disproportionate burden of life’s vicissitudes: loss, and conflict, physical illness, and disability. C. Diagnosis Late-life depression is not a necessary consequence of normal aging. It is a widespread and serious medical disorder. Significant depressive symptoms affect over 5 million of the 35 million people over the age of 65 years in the United States (:2005). The consequences of this are substantial: impaired compliance with medical treatment, over utilization of health care resources, diminished quality of life, and premature mortality. Nevertheless, depression is frequently under diagnosed; when properly diagnosed, it is often under-treated. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the magnitude of the problem in order to lay the groundwork for discussion of diagnosis and treatment of this condition and its related variants. For all of these reasons, the prevalence of late-life depression on her may be routinely underestimated. Unrecognized depression in a medical setting can prolong the length of hospital stay, increase the use of other health resources, and add to the cost of care (2005). Depression may decrease motivation to care adequately for an existing medical condition. For instance, patients with diabetes and comorbid depression comply poorly with medications and diet and subsequently have more difficulty achieving D. Recommendations The individual healthcare worker’s ability to do what is proposed with proper competence and skill is, of course, crucial in ensuring that the best is given to patients, specifically for those who have underwent surgical operations.  But professional competence is only part of the picture. The role of the nurse in the treatment or intervention of major depressive disorder among elderly is an essential part of the professional healthcare team through collaborative practice must always give priority through caring its patient and giving all the possible assistance in order to alleviate their sufferings from pain. The provision of holistic care for other people as well as the utilization of various complementary healing modalities is the foundation of nursing. According to  (2005), provision of care is what a nurse does and happens to be the earliest characterization of nursing, which was actually based from the Greek word “therpeia”, meaning therapy. In (1980), a therapist refers to a person that has undergone training on various methods of treatment and rehabilitation aside from the use of drugs or surgery. A therapeutic is then someone who is capable of applying these methods of treatment to cure diseases. Provision of care is a vital aspect of nursing and the fundamental role of nurses (2003). Based from the statement of Reverby (1987), the role of the nurses basically evolves from the historical depiction of women as care providers of vulnerable individuals within the community. Initially, caring is an imposed role among women, especially during the period of mass epidemics and wars. During this time, the nurses were then a paid workforce. In  own words, nurses were “ordered to care in a society that refuses to value caring” (1987, p.1). The provision of sufficient attention to the comfort as well as the support of health and treatment of patients is also part of the nurses’ role. In the traditional perspective however, caring does not require any specific knowledge or skill. Caring appears to be something that naturally comes out of women, especially when they are adequately directed by medicine and administration. Nurses, as expert caregivers, must be aware of themselves in order to participate fully in a therapeutic relationship. This implies that the development of nurses is centrally founded on their ability to integrate feelings with knowledge and experience (2004). Nurses must process their own subjective experience of self with the caring relationship in a way that they are able to remain focused on the patients’ needs (2004). One might think that the integrated awareness of self, other and environment gives the nurses a comprehension and openness required to authentically and fully participate with the caring-healing intention of therapeutic relationship.   Humanistic nursing is described as embracing more than a benevolent technically competent subject-object one-way relationship guided by a nurse on behalf of another. Rather, humanistic nursing is defined as dictating that nursing is a “responsible searching, transactional relationship whose meaningfulness demands conceptualization founded on a nurse’s existential awareness of self and the other” (  1988). Nursing is an experience lived between human beings. All therapeutic action initiated by the nurse in the care of another human being occurs through a self in action, but this is not necessarily through the therapeutic use of self or the art of nursing. (1996) points out that for some nurses, the therapeutic use of one’s self may be simply the implementation of a nursing technique such as the administration of oxygen and not the giving of one’s self. This kind of nursing is described as the “lending” rather than “giving” of one’s self (2002). The difficulty with this “lending” perspective is that although the nurse may be technically competent, she or he remains aloof and the deeper existential needs of the patient remain unaddressed. While possibly providing increased personal comfort to the nurse, the avoidance of the risk of deeper emotional engagement also risks losing the opportunity for personal growth and fulfillment when the nurse does not fully participate in life experiences. There are many kinds of nurses according to their specialty, and one of which is the psychiatric nurse. In this manner, psychiatric nurses practice with autonomy and independence, and are accountable for caring patients with neurological problems or those diagnosed with aneurysms, brain tumours, cerebrovascular disease, degenerative spine disease and epilepsy. It is noted that caring for individuals with neurological dilemma and disabilities needs a special skills and knowledge to sustain the quality of life, functional level and patient outcomes. In addition, illnesses and injuries that cover the nervous system often have extensive effects on different aspects including physical, cognitive, personality and patients’ behaviour. In this manner, nurses who are assigned to assist psychiatric patients must have the ability to combine theories and practice efficiently, since caring for these patients is considered as multidisciplinary (2002). Primarily, the main goal of this paper is to critically analyse a certain nursing practice whose field in to assist patients with major depressive disorder.  In addition, this paper will attempt to provide an in-depth knowledge and understanding of a current area of practice in relation to the clinical management of the psychiatric patients.   Nurses may assume a special role with very ill patients in which direct and continuous support of physiological, emotional, social, and spiritual functions is provided. Nurses may use a wide variety of skills and techniques to take care of patients. A problem-solving or nursing process approach is generally accepted by professional and educational groups; practice, licensing, and ac- crediting bodies; and the institutions where nursing is practiced as an appropriate framework for nursing practice and activities (1990; 1993). This approach includes assessing and diagnosing patient problems, planning and goal setting for individual patient needs, intervening for each problem, and evaluating results. Pain and anxiety are examples of patient problems for which nurses might intervene. In hospitals, nurses might be involved in direct care of patients, management, teaching, research, or consultation regarding patient care. Nursing roles in hospitals may also encompass coordinating the multiple services involved in patient care (1993). The direct care nursing role in critical care settings, specifically those patients experiencing neurological problems and diseases involves assessing the complex interplay of illness or dysfunction of the individual as a physiologic and psychologic whole. Herein, the psychiatric nurse may be considered an extension of the functions of a patient unable to care for her-himself. The patient crisis may be elective surgery, overwhelming infection, trauma, angina, or multiple system failure and coma. The nurse provides physical care and monitors vital functions including heart rate; blood pressure; skin integrity; bowel and bladder functions; nutritional, fluid, electrolyte, and mobility status; and mentation. In addition, the psychiatric nurse assesses for abnormalities and takes action to help the patient return to normal function (1987). Conversely, in the field of nursing, there can be seen different models in which the psychiatric nurses can use in order to promote quality care among patients as well as provides respect on their autonomy. According to (1992), advocacy model can be used to let the psychiatric nurse put into practice the skills and the knowledge that they have learned.  Advocacy model is the model for nursing practice which was developed as nursing developed its own sense of professional identity, separate from duties to physicians and institutions.  Under this model, the primary role of the psychiatric nurses is to protect or safeguard the rights and interest of its patients.  Here, the psychiatric nurses must be able to recognize the rights of the patients undermined by their institutional practices and unequal power structures.  Moreover, the psychiatric nurses must be able to do its duty to empower patients, both directly by supporting and respecting patient autonomy or independence and indirectly by working to changes of practice to disempowering the patients.  The psychiatric nurses have a duty to respect the patient’s rights to self-determination and confidentiality which is under the patient autonomy.  The principle of patient’s autonomy expresses that nurses have a job to treat the patient according to the patient’s desire, within the limits of accepted treatment and to protect the patient’s confidentiality and privacy. Under which, the nurses has the core responsibility to let the patients be involved in treatment decisions in a meaningful way with due consideration being given to the patients’ demands, desire and abilities and safeguarding their private life (Bernal. 1994). One of the considered topics attached to nursing practice in relation to patient autonomy is how they do documentations and record keeping, for it is very important not only for the record of the hospitals but most especially to the patient. This means that the cognitive knowledge that psychiatric nurse have learned for many years in doing record keeping and filing must be applied and put into practice effectively. For example, generating documentation of very sensitive and personal matters in a patient’s medical records creates a corresponding responsibility for the nurse and their job is to protect that patient’s constitutional right to privacy. On the other hand, there exist some instances where public policy concerns override or at least limit the patient’s right to privacy.  In these cases, concern over public health, or to prevent abusive or criminal conduct, commands that the nurse make reports to the appropriate health or law enforcement agency. One thing is very apparent; the patient has an absolute right to their own medical records.  Even then, our technological advancements make transmission of records more risky.  Any time documents are sent in the mail or electronically, there should be a clear provision set out at the beginning of the document stating that these matters are the personal, confidential medical records and the sole property of the patient and hospital. Moreover, nursing practice dictates that any discussion or other transmission of sensitive patient information should be conducted with the utmost care and discretion.  The psychiatric nurse should be aware that the health service delivery environment is fear-provoking, intimidating, and alien to most people. Further, inconsiderate regard for privacy and confidentiality can greatly diminish the patient’s experience in that environment. Thus, issues about documentation and record-keeping of patients suffering from neurological problems and illnesses should be given enough focus by the one who are authorized to do it, i.e. psychiatric nurses.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

MENTAL DISORDER

MENTAL DISORDER Introduction Mental Health is the capability of a person, the group and the environment to communicate with each other in manners that enhance self-esteem, the holistic pr…

SINGING SENSATION

In 2007, Kim diversified. That is, she officially became a multimedia star when she recorded and released Gwa Ai Di (I Love You), her debut album under Star Records. With her sweet vocals, she prov…

UNIT 2 IP 2

MEMO Dr. Babcock, I would just like to clarify some things regarding the two types of organizational development approaches that have been deliberated within the organization, the questionnaire and the staff meetings approach. First, the self-administered questionnaire, or the type of questionnaire that is usually completed by respondents, had been constructed by yours truly to gather the needed data. To further enhance the data gathering process, I prepared a survey-questionnaire wherein my co-employees and staff members graded each and every key value. Every key value constituted of 10 levels of responses, from low level to high level of achievement.             The decision was made to use a questionnaire for the data collection for this situation due to the sensitivity of the information being obtained.  It is important for the respondents to be open and honest in their responses. The use of the questionnaire provides me with the ability to test the views and attitudes of the staff members and employees.             The questionnaires also used open-ended questions to obtain as much information as possible about how the interviewee feels about the research topic. The questions used in the questionnaires have been reviewed, refined and approved. This enabled the respondents to clarify vague statements and to further elaborate on brief comments. I did not share my own beliefs and opinions.     On the other hand, staff meetings which incorporated the use of force field analysis were also accomplished. Researches have proved that staff meetings are able to generate more and better ideas. This is brought about by the combination of parallel idea generation and the utilization of focus group discussions and tools for the organization of ideas. Therefore, decision-making is done with a higher degree of consensus and a higher likelihood of implementation success. However, staff meetings should also be enhanced by information technologies in order to generate the appropriate types of information. Through this process, staff meetings would only take less than a fraction of time as expected. But more importantly, the employees walk away with the minutes of the meeting in hand, regardless of where they are. Also, because the tools are web-based, the management can choose the proper setting for the staff meetings, whether to place the clients in a conference room, set up a distributed meeting or a mixture of both. The management can decide whether the meeting should be done in real-time or whether the clients can participate and contribute their ideas only when their schedule allows them to. Either way, the company and the staff members can be assured of getting the same focus and productivity while at the same time having a significantly greater flexibility in terms of scheduling. In conclusion, I recommend that our company use the staff meetings with force field analysis as the standard operating procedure to enhance organizational development. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

UNIT 2 IP 2

MEMO Dr. Babcock, I would just like to clarify some things regarding the two types of organizational development approaches that ha…

Protecting children online

Measures to Protect Children Online   The growth Internet, or Net, has been explosive. The internet could be considered as a global electronic library containing a vast quantity of information. At present, almost everyone has access to the internet. Many are hooked to the internet. And many still depend on the internet for a lot of things that they do. It is safe to say that the internet has become a normal part of most people’s lives. Being a treasure chest of data, facts, statistics, opinions, speculations, and viewpoints, the internet can be easily used and a first choice as a storehouse of information for many individuals. However, useful as it is, the internet also has drawbacks. The most important of which is that there is no one or no group that monitors the information posted on the internet. No one looks over other’s shoulders to ensure that every contributor plays fair and tells the truth or posts accurate information. It is possible for just anyone to post anything on the internet. And, the same goes true for access, anyone can read or see anything that is posted on the internet. Without proper regulation of content, it is up to the users now to be responsible for which sites they will enter and use. Given the internet’s unsupervised nature, it is better not to trust every site that you discover. To a mature person, this problem is not really a big issue since they would take responsibility for their actions. But to children, this problem is very serious and can pose risks. Studies indicate that nearly two-thirds of children use the Internet (2000). Children online users thus have created unique concerns for Internet providers and lawmakers. Access to pornographic or other unsuitable sites and the privacy of children users online are two issues that affect children’s use of the internet. The collection, storage, and sale of a child online user’s personal information without the child or parent’s knowledge or consent has elicited much concern. Such a practice is commonplace in the world of the Internet. Without proper regulation also of which sites to view and which sites not to view, children can access sites which are not suited for their young ages. As a result of these pressing problems, both the internet industry and lawmakers focused their recent efforts to curb the widespread practice. The internet industry has made conscious efforts which are aimed at protecting a child’s privacy online. These efforts are many and include requiring that Web site operators post a privacy policy. Big players in the Internet industry have also created their own informational Web sites with the purpose of alerting parents about the dangers of their children roaming the Internet without adult supervision (Hertzel, 2000). With regards to children’s access to Web sites that are not suitable for their ages, parental or adult supervision is the key to help solve this problem. There are basic ways on how to guard children from accessing Web sites not suitable for them. This includes, on the part of law and policy makers, aggressively educating parents and the public about the internet and its dangers, increase resources used to enforce existing laws and use existing technologies more often. Education campaigns should stress the importance of involving parents and caregivers in the child’s online activities, explaining what child-friendly sites are, and detailing the protection technologies that are available if someone chooses them.             Parents and guardians of children should remember that parental control softwares available in the market are not enough to protect children’s privacy online and monitor which sites their children access. If there is such a software in a family, additional supervision from adults is still required. Adults should not simply rely on it. Simple ways to do this at home includes keeping the computer in a shared living area, supervising children’s online activities, checking what information and pictures are posted and released in Web sites that the children access, encouraging the children to discuss any unsavory content they have found on the internet, warning children about the potential dangers of using the chat rooms, explaining to children the dangers of giving out personal information such as phone numbers or addresses to strangers, setting time limits on surfing and restrict most computer use for specific purposes such as school, and changing parental control access password regularly, if there is one.             Children’s use of the internet has serious problems that go with it. However, this is not without a solution. Policies and laws implemented by governing bodies, coupled with parental or adult supervision at home on children’s use of the internet can help minimize or even eliminate the problems of children’s privacy and unmonitored access of Web sites by the children.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Protecting children online

Measures to Protect Children Online The growth Internet, or Net, has been explosive. The internet could be considered as a global electronic library containing a vast quantity of information. At…

CROSS CULTUAL AWARENESS

Intercultural Communication: its Key Elements, Development and Hindrances               Module name and code:   Student’s Informatics ID, NRIC/Passport No. and UOP Hemis Number:   Class code:   Name of lecturer:   Submission date:       Intercultural Communication: its Key Elements, Development and Hindrances                 Communication is inevitable as people by nature are expected to communicate using all means possible. Communication may be defined as the transmission of meaning and information from one person to another ( &  1998). While the transmission itself may appear to be a simple task, the interpretation of the message being relayed through communication poses a challenge, particularly on the establishment of human relations. In general, communication becomes effective when both parties involved are honest and open to share information and have the ability to decipher the meaning of their messages. Effective communication must always be practiced as it is significant to individual beings as well as for the creation of positive relationships.             Intercultural communication theories seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. Working in a multinational corporation magnifies the significance and practice of intercultural communications. This paper discusses the key elements of communicating across cultures by using illustrative examples.   Intercultural Communication One can never fully understand culture as it remains relative to any given population. Culture may be everything that a person think and do. It has behavioral, cognitive and affective aspects. Or it is “The values, norms and material goods characteristic of a given group” ( 1997, ).  (1973) stated, “Cultural analysis is always incomplete… the more deeply it goes, the less complete it is” (). It becomes even more complicated when embark on studies on cross-cultural comparative analysis. It is an utterly futile and meaningless attempt to compare cultures in general. Meaningful comparison between cultures can be conducted only on similar standards of human conduct ( 1970).             Intercultural communication or cross-cultural communication focuses on the understanding of people, culture and society in general ( 2004). It is the core study on how people originating from different cultural backgrounds and orientations manage to communicate effectively. In business, particularly those that operates within international borders, the issue of intercultural communication necessitate every manager to see to it that communication is libertarian and constructive rather than oppressive and destructive.  (2000) stipulated that “in intercultural business communication the business strategies, goals, objectives, and practices become an integral part of the communication process and help create a new environment out of the synergy of culture, communication, and business” (). The presence of these attributes makes way to an enhanced communication strategy that serves the overall business environment. However, (1999) argued that the knowledge in intercultural communication is a precondition for successful intercultural business communication, but by itself it is not enough. Therefore, there is a need for business enthusiasts and managers to identify the key elements, development and hindrances of intercultural communication to fully understand its real functions, potentialities, and overall applications.   Key Elements of Intercultural Communication             The concept of intercultural communication logically means two important key elements: culture and communication. In these two key elements, several attributes are associated. Culture – As previously mentioned, culture is something that is relative. It reflects people’s thoughts and way of doing things. There has been numerous definition of culture yet it is still an argumentative area of inquiry today. On this case, there are three types of culture that every business person must know namely: the national culture, the general business culture, and the specific corporate culture ( 2000). The national culture is very much distinct in every given country. As this is the main mechanism that dictates how people should act and behave on ways that are acceptable to the standards of the specified environment. At times, this is the main factors that identify a person from the rest of the crowd. The need to understand national culture allows business administrators to create appropriate communication strategies that are in accordance to the standards of general or national culture of the host country. In a multicultural setting, such as those of outsourced companies, the customs, beliefs and practices of the native country the company has set up its business contributes in the development of a corporate culture. As man mingles with different kinds of people, he/she tries different kinds of ways in living life, cultures has been evolving through time and changes brought by such circumstances. In dealing with these concepts, such ideas as orientalism and assimilation break through the theme. Emigrant managers should be familiar with the host culture ( 1993). Believing that the cultural incorporation will solve all of the cross-cultural problems, it is essential that the expatriate need not to be only technically proficient but to have an overly simplistic view of the cultural integration of the firm’s activities and existing culture on the host culture. According to and  (1991), using an integrator can help. It will give an idea on how will a foreign culture will mix up with a host culture. Examples of integrators are managers and other individuals that are inhabitant to the host culture. Their presence will be used in communicating with people involve in some business circumstances. Before engaging in a business enterprise in an international environment, one must take into consideration some essential ingredients to make the business success. Economics, society, politics, geographic, and cultural aspects are very important matters to consider in coping up with the challenges that the business may face in the future. Through this, success in a business enterprise is assured. The general business culture is another type of culture that affects the communication process. This could be rooted in the trends in a given area of business operation or industry. For example, the general business culture of Hong Kong allows integration of both Western and Eastern business traditions in the restaurant industry ( &  1995). In the said region, the restaurant industry maintains a general acceptance of the uniqueness of products and services offered by various brands and restaurant outlets.  (2000) affirmed that business people must understand the impact of key organizational concepts such as hiring practices, promotion policies, decision making, competitive environment, financial regulations, business laws, and governmental requirements on the intercultural business communication process. These activities have general descriptions that go hand in hand with the acceptable requirements of general business culture. Business people then must also understand the relationship of business and culture in a particular environment. In a cross-cultural environment, the role of communication is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Their aim is to produce some guidelines with which they can use to better communicate with each other. Using the idea of general business culture, cooperation among players of the industry is ensured. Lastly, the specific corporate culture is the nearest when it comes to the business environment. Corporate culture is defined as the habits, behaviors and rules that a group of coworkers use to interact with one another ( 2002). It refers to both formal and written company policies which cover everything from the dress code to employee relationships as well as the informal behaviors that are accepted and tolerated by the organization. It is developed and established over time through the interactions between employers and employees and reflects the collective beliefs, values and expectations of an organization transferred from one generation of employees to the next ( 2002). Corporate culture is often associated with organizational culture. In particular, an organization’s shared history and stability can contribute to the internalization and institutionalization of specific attitudes in individuals ( &  1987). Organizational culture is the pattern of basic assumptions that are invented, discovered or developed to help cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration within an organization ( 1990). The patterns of assumptions may incorporate values, norms, rules, myths, stories and rituals; must have worked well enough in the past to be considered valid; and must be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to the external and internal problems encountered by the organization. In the intercultural business communication process, the participants also bring with them their own corporate cultures ( 2000). Out of all of these parts, the new transactional culture emerges. The result is a complex system of layers of culture, communication, and business. In the case of intercultural communication, corporate or organizational culture serve as the most relevant and nearest mechanism in controlling acceptable behaviors within the working environment in which the workers and all related individuals in the business organization are expected to comply. Organizational or corporate culture is the sole basis in developing communication strategies. Communication – Communication will always play a fundamental function in all areas of human activity. According to ,  and  (1996), “the more and better the communication, the greater the amount of information shared or extracted, and the greater the build-up of trust, the more likely is the possibility of creating the satisfaction” (). In a cross-cultural environment, the role of communication is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Their aim is to produce some guidelines with which they can use to better communicate with each other. Communication within a group or inter-professional team goes beyond the concepts of effective speaking or listening, or what is commonly considered as linear communication ( 1993). It is an interactive model which deals with feedback and reciprocal exchanges. According to surveys focusing on areas of improvement among corporations, communication is usually ranked first as an important element within the organization ( 1993). Specifically, communication is recognized as an important aspect of an organization as it keeps employees well-informed and open to communication channels. Moreover, organizational communication enables the employees to comply with company standards, leading to efficiency and accuracy.             The process of communication can be done through a number of styles. However, regardless on whether the style applied is verbal or nonverbal, the communication process always involves a sender and a receiver. This process involves five steps: 1) idea struck the sender, 2) the sender then encodes the message, 3) the message is carried through a channel, 4) the receiver will have the message decoded, and 5) a feedback will be given by the receiver ( &  1998). People speak through face-to-face conversations, telephone, mail, and other vehicles of communication. Though, communication is not always verbally done. Communication is also present through signs, gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and codes (e.g. the Morse code or the sign language). This is called non-verbal communication. On this case, intercultural communication includes both type of communication – verbal and non-verbal. Thus, what is important is the clear manifestation and effective application of the communication process.             In addition, they must be aware of individual communication styles. After all, cultures do not communicate with each other; individuals do ( 1997). According to  and  (1995) “Chinese culture cannot talk to Japanese culture except through the discourse of individual Chinese and individual Japanese people” ( ). The focus on individuals also helps avoid the traditional tendency to talk about the “categorical Chinese, Japanese, or Arab audience” ( 1999, ). As a general rule according to  (2000), Japanese culture is more group-oriented than is U.S. culture. Without any generalizations, meaningful intercultural business communication would become even more difficult than it is already. To concentrate only on the individual and approach every intercultural communication situation from ground zero would be exhausting and not very productive.   Development of Intercultural Communication Developing or enhancing intercultural communication necessitates a good amount of planning and application among business owners and managers. There are guiding principles that can be used in dealing with cultural diversity and for better intercultural communication. First, create contact with other cultural groups. Initiation of contact usually lessens and sometimes brings down the cultural barrier. The best way is to have a friendly approach and never to be discouraged by some negative perceptions and biases on that particular group. This will be helpful in being objective of the attitudes and values that they may have that may be necessarily different from yours. Further, a multitude of culturally different people leads to a casualness of being with them and unconsciously, accepting the differences and cherishing it. On the contrary, confining one’s self to a cultural group decreases the likelihood of ever understanding and accepting cultural diversity. Second, opening up with other cultural groups entails a prior knowledge of their background. This is not necessarily an academic knowledge or an extensive one. Just an overview of other cultures and some facts may help in dealing with them. This can be done through reading and even watching movies from their country. This may also trigger a more friendly contact with other cultures especially upon mention of anything that is familiar with them. Finally, age-old stereotypes and biases must be eliminated and downplayed. Further, ethnocentrism tends to be showcased by some groups. While there are more progressive countries, there are no superior civilizations. Each evolved and developed within contexts and thus, their progress is relative and subjective. Prior to the introduction of a business from a foreign location, managers must have a working knowledge of the culture in which they are operating. This generally calls for a sound cross-cultural training program for all managers destined for overseas assignments, and their families (, 1993). Initial planning and fact finding is also important. As information is power, the more information you can obtain about the other side, the better. This should begin well before any transaction commence and should involve learning about the organization, history, styles ad other related features of the other side. One should also identify all the potential issues to be discussed, prioritize the issues, establish a settlement range, and develop the strategies and tactics to be used during the course of action. If it is at all possible, one should assemble the team to conduct all preliminary discussions, individual assignments, and team organization to collect a satisfactory amount of information. Managers are responsible with this process because in the international business culture, managers “have many interests and reference points in common, and thus they converse easily among themselves” ( 1999, ). For example, a Mexican employee of Procter & Gamble may have completely accepted a corporate culture of timeliness and punctuality that, at least in the work setting, is replacing the traditional polychronic time orientation of Mexican culture ( 2000, ). Another instance, in the employee diversity in multinational corporations (MNCs), the knowledge of each other’s culture will lead to communal understanding and harmonious relationship bounded on respect and acceptance of individual and cultural differences (Adair 1997). Thus, it will lead to unified workforce that is directly oriented towards the growth and success of the business. Cross-cultural communication plays a vital role in any business world. The awareness and knowledge that they hold will provide needed information that could lessen up the problem of cultural resistance and differences. By doing it so, problems in communication could be minimized if not alleviated.   Hindrances in Intercultural Communication             As people exchange ideas, a lot of barriers may affect their communication process. Among the common and observable barriers of communication are ineffective listening skills, inconsistent verbal or nonverbal messages, resistance to change, individual bias, time limitations, distractions, personal assumptions as well as differences in race, culture, age, and religion. The issue is not so much the generalization about a culture but the reluctance to change one’s view as new evidence appears ( &  1995). Since personal individuality is definite, it is expected that there will always be hindrances in intercultural communication. Regardless of such identified barriers in the communication process, communication still plays a great role in good group performance ( 2001;  &  2000) especially to the operational functions present in the organization that operates worldwide. Thus, there is a mandatory need to improve the policies and frameworks in intercultural or cross-cultural communication.             In conclusion, the current business environment is a product of amalgamation of various factors contributed by business organizations themselves, its people, and emerging trends in the global business setting that affect operations and overall business conditions. With the forces of globalization and internationalization of industries, the communication process within business organizations is expected to level up or in some ways varies to support the demands of all areas and stakeholders concerned. The diversity in the workplace makes the communication even more wide-ranging and dynamic than expected. Considering the role of communication in business performance, it could be said that managing communication particularly in multicultural business setting is a basic necessity for business survival and maximum performance.   References   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

CROSS CULTUAL AWARENESS

Intercultural Communication: its Key Elements, Development and Hindrances

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