Research Topics: Modern Study Of Sociology

Social context for individual pathologies

Emile Durkheim, the founder of the modern study of sociology, was one of the first to recognize the social context for individual pathologies, and warned of the perils of the lack of social connection. “He also went on to argue that technology and the Industrial Revolution endangered social structures.” (Von Dehsen, 1999) His works on suicide depicts the dangers that rapid industrialization and modernization can inflict to society. Durkheim expresses the tension between the more ancient demands of morality and the newer claims of rationalism. Blend, et al (1960) explains that rationalism is only “one aspect of individualism.” In a sense, Durkheim’s account of egoistic suicide is a dramatic presentation of the tension between individualism and the older dimensions of social and moral life. They further explain that suicide is the consequences of a weakening of the integration of social groups. It expresses the point that suicide can be linked with the progress of society. In addition, progress disintegrates religion that is, for Durkheim, not only a social creation, but it is in fact society divinized. Coser (1977) states that Durkheim believes that when social regulations break down, the controlling influence of society on individual propensities is no longer effective and individuals are left to their own devices. Such a state of affairs Durkheim calls anomie, a term that refers to a condition of relative normlessness in a whole society or in some of its component groups. Anomie does not refer to a state of mind, but to a property of the social structure. It characterizes a condition in which individual desires are no longer regulated by common norms and where, as a consequence, individuals are left without moral guidance in the pursuit of their goals. In Durkheim’s anomic suicide, Blend, et al (1960) stressed that Durkheim offers correlations between the increase in divorce and the rise in suicide rates – a rise due principally to the suicides of married men – to develop the meaning of anomie. From this Durkheim concludes that the movement toward easier divorce has a serious effect upon the institution of marriage in that marriage can no longer serve so effectively as it once did in stabilizing the impulses and energies of men. This supports Durkheim’s descriptions of modern life that similarly highlight the decline of traditional and family-based social orders, as well as the development of social differentiation based on occupational specialization and exchange, but also reference the development of historically distinctive phenomena such as individualism and individual property, contractual relations and forms of justice associated with them, citizenship, and the democratic political state.” (Ramp, 2001) On the other hand, egoist suicide is the consequence of a lack of objects beyond the self, which can enlist its energy and devotion. “The egoist searches in vain for the ‘meaning of it all’; he finds life empty because he has devoted difficult labors to the development of capacities which have become detached from their social roles.” (Blend, et al, 1960) Blend, et al (1960) cited that Durkheim stressed changes can cause depression to an individual and this piercing effect might lead to suicide. Besides the previous example, he stressed other important statistical datum that he offered in connection with anomie is the rise in the suicide rate that accompanies periods in which standards of living and normal expectations of reward change at an abnormal pace. “The suicide rate will rise not only in a depression but also when prosperity is suddenly increased.” As Blend, et al (1960) points it out, “the important fact is that the balance in the scheme of men’s expectations has been shaken by such disturbed situations – a balance which in normal times has the effect that men’s ambitions are, in general, realizable.” Coser (1977) explains that man was specifically human only in the latter capacity, and he became fully human only in and through society. Hence, true moral action lies in the sacrifice of certain individual desires for the service of groups and society. But such sacrifices redound in the last analysis to the benefit of individuals, as well as society, since unbridled desires lead to frustration and unhappiness rather than to bliss and fulfillment. Modern society seems to contain, for Durkheim, the potentialities for individualism within social regulation. The definition of modernity is “contrasted to the traditional order and implies the progressive economic and administrative rationalization and differentiation of the social world.” (Ramp, 2002)  Durkheim argued that economic affluence, by stimulating human desires, carries with it dangers of anomic conditions because it “deceives us into believing that we depend on ourselves only,” while “poverty protects against suicide because it is a restraint in itself.” (Coser, 1977) Coser (1977) explains that to Durkheim, men were creatures whose desires were unlimited. Unlike other animals, they are not satiated when their biological needs are fulfilled. “The more one has, the more one wants, since satisfactions received only stimulate instead of filling needs.” It follows from this natural insatiability of the human animal that his desires can only be held in check by external controls, that is, by societal control. Industrialization and modernization improves the society in terms of infrastructures and opportunities, which also holds the fact that it increases men’s desire. This progress develops anomie and ego-driven goals that, if not met, ends into conflict. The cult of personality encourages the development of individual capacities as ends in them. Blend, et al (1960) explains that a parallel to this relationship between the ethics of individualism and egoism is found in the relationship between the ethics of progress and anomie. If men are taught that it is a duty to contribute to the advancement of society and to the improvement of their own group, it becomes difficult for them to accept any definition and limitation of their own social role and status. Thus, as men focus on the duties that society has given to them, the failure to portray such roles will lead to frustration, which leads to depression, and possibly later to suicide. Hence, modernization changes society in terms of changing the way men perceive their social roles and how they view success. Progress and the increase of human desires were not the only manifestations that industrialization and modernization have provided, but also the weakening or of religion in the society. Durkheim stands in the line of succession of a number of French thinkers who pondered the problem of the loss of faith, and he describes religion as “an eminently collective thing” that binds men together, as the etymology of the word religion testifies. Coser (1977) states that if religion in its essence is a transcendental representation of the powers of society, then, Durkheim argued, the disappearance of traditional religion need not herald the dissolution of society. He further explains that modern men must realize directly that dependence on society which before they had recognized only through the medium of religious representations. “We must discover the rational substitutes for these religious notions that for a long time have served as the vehicle for the most essential moral ideas.” (Durkheim, 1961) Durkheim tries to depict that religion is the morality of the society. But some notions in today’s society suggest that morality can exist without religion. Chappell (1994), a humanist states that many are “blinkered by religions into thinking that their misery is a punishment from a god who will give everyone his final judgment after the last trump. Such believers forget to judge for themselves; they have no sense of government by the people for the people; they are governed by blind dogma. Their sense of morality is what someone else tells them to do.” He further explains that morality isn’t all about not killing, but instead man should know why he shouldn’t kill. In contrast, Mesštrović (1992) states in his book entitled “Durkheim and Postmodern Culture,” that Durkheim’s curious treatment of religion as a system of collective representations that does not need to refer to a male deity, dogma, or patriarchal subservience, and that is the womb that gave birth to all other social institutions, is essential in a sense that he was advocating a religious system that would balance masculine and feminine elements, justice and mercy, Christian love and the emancipation of the individual. It is apparent that each individual have different perspectives. Durkheim based most of his assumptions from observation and discussions, without empirical data. It can be said that Durkheim’s principles are just another person’s point of view. In today’s society, many beliefs and opportunities have flourished. Durkheim’s philosophy may still be applied, but modern people have already developed ways to cope with what Durkheim’s trying to prevent. Modernization is unstoppable, and every year, men’s desire and obsession increases by the hundreds, or even thousands. With this progress at hand, to be able to link progress with suicide is to determine the current suicide rate in the world? Natiomaster.com (2003) wrote that as of 1995, 22% for every 100,000 people commits suicide per year. Last year, the Association for Central Research Central News Agency (2003) wrote that China has one of the highest suicide rates in the world, with an overall suicide rate of 230 per million people, while the world average is only 100 per million. China’s suicide rate is 2.3 times the world average. China is one of the world’s leading economic power. This fact can be considered as an evident proof in Durkheim’s claims.       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Social context for individual pathologies

Emile Durkheim, the founder of the modern study of sociology, was one of the first to recognize the social context for individual patholog...

Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues

I.                   Introduction The United States have contributed a lot in the modern world. Along with the principles and other values that influenced society, one of the possibly greatest contributions of the country in the last known history is seen in the realm of music. Specifically, blues music has been considered as one of the genuine contribution of the American heritage to the global psyche. The musical genre originated in the States and has been noted to emerge from chants and spiritual praises of the African-American laborers in the early parts of the 1900s. Studies have been considerably encountered problems in placing an actual definition of blues music as it is constantly being infused with the analysis of culture. According to Pincheon (2000, 22) studies on the musical genre could not discuss the blues without actually providing some insight on the context and the surrounding circumstances that blues music cleaves on. This will similarly be way that this study will treat the analysis of blues. Specifically, the study will look into the basic description of blues music, particularly its subgenres country blues, classic blues, and acoustic urban blues, as it is seen in literature. Moreover, the study will be focusing on the origins, lyrical content, and musical characteristics that these three subgenres possess. Thus, the observations and arguments that will be included in this paper will be based on articles and books relating to the American heritage, culture, and musical history of the country.   II.                Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues The following discussions will be providing a set of description on the fundamental elements surrounding the three subgenres of blues music. Discussions on the origin, lyrical content, and musical style will be presented. In the same manner, a presentation of the views of the existing literature on these subgenres of blues will also be given. Subsequently, the researcher will offer a critical view after every literature presentation on the topic. A.               Origins of the Style In this part of the paper, specific characteristics on the origins and idiosyncrasies of the performances will be laid down in the following discussions.   1.                 Country Blues Country blues is a subgenre of blues music that focuses primarily on rural folk expression. (Tirro, 1993, 56) It is normally called to denote styles like Southern blues, folk blues, or Delta blues. With these names connected to the said genre it is safe to assume that, same as the other types of blues, it originated from the South. However, specific allusions to the Delta means that it may well come from the more rural parts of the south. Tirro (1993, 56) further noted that the actual origin of this genre is “lost in the past.” This is further noted as the perpetuation of the music is characterized as transferred through oral means. This means that the lyrical contents and possibly the performance of the songs may have been transferred from the original artist to another individual through word of mouth or through recollection of past performances. This indicates that this type of blues has emerged way before known audio recording is in existence. It also denotes that the country blues that are heard of today may have been an interpretation or adaptation of the actual original version eons past.   2.                 Classic blues A considerably exact definition of classic blues is seen in the work of Weissman (2004, 45) as he noted that it is a “marriage of the blues and vaudeville-theatrical musical styles, sung by women.” This means that the style involved in this subgenre comes from theatrical performances with particular influence of women’s emotional struggles. Thus, the performance factor appears to be the major element that distinguishes this subgenre with country and acoustic urban blues. In the work of Gioia (1999, 16) he pointed out that this subgenre of the blues tend to be an offshoot of jazz performances in the 1920s and 1930s. Particularly, his account indicated that origins of such performances tend to have been derived from traveling shows from the south. It is thus needless to say that lavish performances and elaborate infusion of musical instruments comprising a live band is present in every show. This reinforces the claim of Weissman (2004) as he pointed the vaudeville element of the performances of classic blues bands.      3.                 Acoustic Urban Blues Another subgenre of blues music is called acoustic urban blues, or plainly urban blues. Tirro (1993, 82) characterized this subgenre as a similar with classical blues, pertaining to big-band riffs, but with emphasis on the strings element of the band. Particularly, the saxophone has been placed in the limelight, as acoustic urban blues became one of the most sought after shows in the south.  This indicates that classical blues and urban blues tend to have some similarities. A particular reference on the performance element as well as the roots from jazz is explicated in the said works of Tirro (1993).   B.               Lyrical Content Normally, blues music is held in a standard structure, particularly in the context of lyrics. The following discussions will be looking into the basic differences in the lyrical content of the subgenres of blues.   1.                 Country Blues It has been described that country blues comes from the “functional aspect of the culture of the people,” which basically indicates that “it reflects their vision and their values.” (Tirro, 1993, 56) A basic instance of country blues is seen in the song Drunken Hearted Man performed by Robert Johnson. (Gioia, 1999, 13) In looking at the lyrical content of the song, it does show some conformity with the standard held in blues music particularly shown in the repetition of lines and eventually pursued with a different line in rhythmic match with the repeated lines. (Gioia, 1999, 13) In the said song, Gioia (1999) characterized the content as sincere grief and lyrical intricacy. It is a wonder how in a span of several repetitive lines and restricted lyric content, country blues singers could convey an emotional range worthy of praise. This shows that standard lyrical construction of country blues tends to manifest a rather short stock of written content but evidently seen to have an overflow of emotion as it is performed by the bluesman like Johnson. 2.                 Classic blues In comparison with the other subgenres of the blues, classical blues’ lyrical content tends to hold true to the standard as it tackles the ghetto struggles and attitudes of the 1920s and 1930s individual. (Tirro, 1993, 56) However, a particular difference in this subgenre is the use of the female perspective in advocating these social occurrences. For instance, it has been noted that Bessie Smith’s materials normally compose of general contempt to “no good cheating men.” (Weissman, 2004, 38) She shares these characteristics with other famous classical blues singers like Ma Rainey. Though seemingly ambivalent at times, the classical blues tend to show indications of feminism among the American minority as it emulate the condition of women in the south in its lyrics and powerful emotional expressions of female independence and strength.   3.                 Acoustic Urban Blues With regards to the lyrical content of urban blues, the absence of harmonica and the dominance of the saxophone manifest a shift to the a more sensual subjects. This is supported by the work of Tirro (1993, 113) as he noted that city or urban blues focused its subjects towards love and sex. Typical urban blues bands include the likes of BB King and T-Bone Walker. (Moore, 2002, 15)     C.               Musical Characteristics The musical characteristics that will be discussed in this part of the study will be focusing on the actual structure of the subgenres of blues. 1.                 Country Blues Essentially, country blues are the predecessors of the modern “rock’n’roll” music that play the mainstream today. (Moore, 2002, 40) Specifically, the said offshoot of country blues has similarly been described as a genre that infused electric instruments in the musical structure. It has done away with the conventional folk string instruments like the fiddle and the banjo. (Tirro, 1993, 56) Some distinctive characteristics of the country blues is emulated in the work of Gioia (1999, 13) as he pointed out that “instead the musician might often employ a “bent” note that would slide between these two tonal centers.” This means that unlike the normal structure in blues music, country blues does not rely heavily in the use of “blue notes.” In the context of the actual structure of the genre, it has been noted that renowned country blues artists, like Robert Johnson, employs “a blues stanza might take twelve bars, twelve and a half bars, thirteen bars, even fifteen bars or more.” (Gioia, 1999, 14) This means that in this subgenre, the vocalists/performer tends to take ample amount of liberties in his/her performances. Restrictions of the basic twelve-bar form are merely a suggestion, thus versatility and freedom is seen in the performances of country blues as compared to the restricted forms of the other subgenres of the blues.    2.                 Classic blues As indicated in the work of Gioia (1999, 16) classical blues tend to strictly adhere to the standards of blues music as described above. Basically, this may be caused by the element of performance infused in the nature of classical blues indicated in the earlier parts of the paper. Thus, the observations on the said subgenre tend to indicate that it was rather mechanical and restricted in a sense. This means that it has cleaved to a specific standard over the years and that it has considerably distinguished itself as a recognizable style in the context of the blues genre.   3.                 Acoustic Urban Blues The musicality of the urban blues subgenre has been rather popular with its followers in the 1930s and the 1920s. There are studies claiming that this type of blues is the predecessor of modern pop music. (Ya Salaam, 1995, 351) Being an amalgamation of the heartfelt lament of country blues and the regard for showmanship and performance of the classical blues, this genre being the grandfather of pop music is rather foreseeable as seen in the current trends in music today. As stated by Gioia (1999, 16), these still adhere to some standards of blues music indicated above. However, the performers are at leisure to make their own type of music. The structure could be altered as well as the lyrical measure held in every performance.    III.              Conclusion The emergence of blues music initially encountered persecution from early American society as it promotes poor behavior and seen as violent by established conservative institutions. This may primarily be rooted in the fact that it is a form of music considerably new and different as that compared of the standard archetypes of the period. The failure to understand the contexts and even the depth of the songs in the said genre may similarly have triggered this level of unrest against it. Thus, it is safe to say that blues music, as seen in the mainstream today, is an implication of the social institutions and structures of early 18th century America. Evidently, academics and scholars have realized this eventually as they equate the analysis of such genre to the culture of the African-American context. In due course, blues music has been accepted and even regarded as one of the primary heritage of American culture. It has veered away from being solely Black culture; it now represents the social settings and eventual revolutions that took place in American society. In the same regard, the subgenres discussed above specifically emulate the different archetypes of cultures in the American society. Based on the characteristics and lyrical content of the discussed subgenres, it shows the plight of poverty and hardships encountered by the common man in the 1900s (country blues). In the same time, the image of the modern woman is also taken into consideration in the context of classic blues, with particular reference to the emotional troubles they have encountered which is still considered universal up to this date. On the whole, blues music represents a cultural representation of the micro environment of the United States as it manifest the social struggles of the modern American.         Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues

I. Introduction The United States have contributed a lot in the modern world. Along with the principles and...

Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues

Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues

I. Introduction The United States have contributed a lot in the modern world. Along with the principles and...

Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues

Characteristics of the Three Genres of Blues

I. Introduction The United States have contributed a lot in the modern world. Along with the principles and...

Has modernization been fundamentally different for postcolonial societies compared to modernization in Western Europe and North America? Discuss differences and similarities in the modernization paths of two countries, one of them a former colony.

OBJECTIVES As a person with knowledge of modernization, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viability of strategy formation regarding the analysis of this topic and at times fails to understand the reasons or logic behind certain strategic implementations imposed on it. By delving into this project paper, the author intends to have better insights into how modernization is thought up, formulated and then imparted down into postcolonial societies. The author hopes to have an in-depth understanding as to how the impacts of modernization enables countries in Western Europe and North America to compete effectively and profitably in this era of internationalization where competition is extremely intense. In order to reinforce the learning objectives, two key focal issues were focused upon i.e. innovation and diversity. Innovation was discussed with regard to modernization where it was renowned for its developmental capabilities to constantly innovate. Diversity came under strategic thinking and formation as the author considered the diverse culture, political climate, economic surroundings, social environment, technological settings, government policies and legal systems in order to better understand the issues being discussed.       EXECUTIVE BRIEF This essay utilized the concept of modernization as the model theory to review its present impacts among postcolonial societies as well as in countries and Europe and North America and how they dealt with critical situations. From the analysis, key trends in modernization among these countries and societies were then identified, how it worked and its effectiveness in dealing with critical situations was ascertained. The paper then moves on to assess modernization with regard to its suitability to critical situations, during which the internal capabilities of modernization in relation to the strategy being followed by most postcolonial societies and Western countries was determined also. An overall analysis of the performance and effectiveness of modernization was also conducted to assess and compare its impacts and capabilities with those postcolonial societies and Western countries. Gaps in the impacts and capabilities of modernization were then identified. Finally, several choices of strategies to improve the state of modernization among postcolonial societies and Western countries as effective means in critical situations were recommended and evaluated in terms of appropriateness to the issues reviewed, feasibility in carrying out the options and acceptability within the key stakeholders and decision makers. Several key implementation issues related to managing strategic change were also addressed as well.     INTRODUCTION Modernization can be defined as the process in which a country or community undergoes a positive change towards industrialization and other changes that impose a significant impact on their lives. When implemented accordingly, it leads to the efficient and effective implementation of the policies and tasks leading to the satisfaction of the citizens and the government. Modernization also focuses on the careful management of the processes involved in the improvement of the production and distribution of products and services ( 2004). More often than not, small and relatively underdeveloped countries don’t really have the capabilities to implement modernization policies. Instead, these countries engage in activities that various schools of economics typically associate with modernization. These activities include the manufacturing of products, product development, production and distribution (1992). However, modernization deals with all functions done within countries and societies. Activities such as the management of resources, the control of technologies, and evaluations are often related with modernization. A great deal of emphasis lies on the efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, modernization includes the analysis and management of internal processes.     MODERNIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES Political Trends The United States of America, composed of 50 states, has experienced electoral and political transitions and crises as a result of continuous modernization efforts.  There have been at least four political trends that have emanated from these political events. These are: (a) the cry for democracy and reforms; (b) increased popular and local-level assertiveness; (c) greater public accountability; (d) re-definition of the concepts of power and politics. Also, the forms of political economies have slowly shifted from a bipolar (big government-big business) to a tri-polar structure (authorities – private sector – civil society) (2004). Economic Trends Despite the adverse economic trends in the first half of the year, the United States as a whole experienced relatively robust economic growth primarily because of the continuous modernization efforts made by the Bush government. It is estimated that the United States, taken together, posted a better-than-expected GDP growth of 4.5% last year, slightly higher than the 4.1% growth that they achieved in 2002 (1997). Social/Cultural Trends With the rise in the middle to upper-middle class households in certain regions within the United States, there exists a strategy mismatch for not considering the potential for modernization efforts. Technological Trends It is a common knowledge that modernization in the Untied States is still in a relatively slow process and is still in its early stages of development. However, it has shown signs of rapid growth and it is being theorized that the country will experience a significant improvement in terms of their technologies within the year ( 1996). Legal Trends Intellectual property (IP) and IP Rights (IPR) creation, commercialization, and protection have been a significant source of comparative advantage of enterprises and economies and a major driver of their competitive strategies. Indeed, the United States is fully aware of the pressing need for a long-term policy commitment to collectively transform the region into one which is largely based on knowledge, driven by innovation and sustained by life-long learning (1996). Overall Impact The United States has been able to maintain its reputation as one of the world’s leading highly modernized and industrialized country for more than 130 years now. It is able to face the challenges in many of its markets directly. This is made possible by the effective modernization strategies aimed to deliver not only profit growth, but also on building down the foundation of the nation’s industries and business. The modernization strategies of the US are focused mainly on driving the growth of its industries and improving the country’s financial performance. These campaigns have also helped secure significant acquisitions and partnerships. And more importantly, these campaigns have led to the release of the potentials of the nation’s human resources, thus building a quality performance- based culture ( 1995). The modernization strategies of the US are practically reinforced by the local citizens themselves. These moves certainly allow the nation to improve even more without the costs of introducing new technologies. These efforts have resulted in increased financial gains for the country and have allowed the establishment of confidence among the American citizens. MODERNIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES Political Trends The implementation of the Free Trade Area, or FTA, which laid out a comprehensive program of regional tariff reduction, will be continuously implemented in phases through the year 2008 ( 2000). Over the course of the next several years, the programs in tariff reductions were made broader. Efforts to eliminate non-tariff barriers and develop common product certification standards were initiated. In addition, the Philippines also were able to formulate framework agreements for the intra-regional liberalization of trade in services. Industrial complementation schemes meant to encourage intra-regional investment were also approved. Economic Trends Many Philippine provinces have also seen the risk-weighted capital adequacy ratios of their banking systems improve due to government-sponsored bank recapitalization programs, continued progress in financial restructuring, and improvements in financial risk management. The capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in the Philippines is now far higher than the 8% Basle norm. It ranges from about 14% in Manila and Cebu to about 20% in Davao, with commercial banks reporting an average capital adequacy ratio of about 18% (1997). Social/Cultural Trends There have also been social and cultural trends that have been evident over the last 12 months in reaction to modernization efforts by their government. These include: (a) the irreversible rise of civil society among Philippine provinces; (b) the rise of civil society blends perfectly with a tri-polar structure of political economy; (c) the increase in the roles of intellectuals; and (d) the beginning of a period of introspection (1961). Technological Trends It is being expected that within the next years the tremendous growth and technological advancements will continue in the Philippines. Mobile commerce and multimedia terminals are just some of the technological advancements already being expected (Huntington, 1968). Therefore, the continued growth and development will also make it imperative for localization to occur in most industries in the Philippines in the years to come. Legal Trends The Philippines has pledged to work together to help accelerate the pace and scope of IP asset creation, commercialization and protection; to improve the regional framework of policies and institutions relating to IP and IPRs, including the development and harmonization of enabling IPR registration systems; to promote IP cooperation and dialogues within the region as well with the region’s Dialogue Partners and organizations; to strengthen IP-related human and institutional capabilities in the region, including fostering greater public awareness of issues and implications, relating to IP and IPRs. The new action plan on IPRs for 2004-2010 would cover all these aspects (1997). Overall Impact Because of modernization, the Philippines and its industries have grown and expanded virtually around the entire globe. This was made possible by their strong efforts to forge modernization treaties with other ASEAN countries   2004). Over the years and decades, the Philippines has slowly but surely established an empire of efficient human resources, with strong segment markets established in Japan and Hong Kong, the Western Hemisphere, the Europe and most recently in China. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The United States and the Philippines have been able to remain two of the world’s prosperous countries for more than a century now primarily because of the execution of their strategies for modernization to perfection. Add to the mix both countries’ dedication to high quality of service and the formula for success is at hand. However, I am not totally convinced that the modernization strategies that the United States and the Philippines implement currently would be as effective as before. For one, consolidation and globalization are taking place across most nations, and these two countries are not excluded. Therefore, both countries need to implement various strategies to fully adapt to the need to go global. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Has modernization been fundamentally different for postcolonial societies compared to modernization in Western Europe and North America? Discuss differences and similarities in the modernization paths of two countries, one of them a former colony.

OBJECTIVES As a person with knowledge of modernization, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viability of strategy for...