Research Topics: Referencing Examples

Referencing Examples

Referencing Examples   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Paraphrase</li> ü      The first gambling Web site appeared in 1995, and online gambling has since become the most lucrative of all Internet businesses (Will 92). or, ü      George Will reported that in 2002 Internet gambling surpassed pornography to become the Internet’s most lucrative business (92).   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Quotation</li> ü      The first gambling Web site “appeared in 1995, and online gambling has since become the most lucrative of all Internet business” (Will 92). or, ü      George Will reported that “in 2002, Internet gambling surpassed pornography to become the Internet’s most lucrative business” (92).   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> In your Works Cited list: </li>     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Referencing Examples

Referencing Examples Paraphrase ü The first gambling Web site appeared in 1995, and online gambling has since become the mos...

Reference for resources

(2005). Family Health Promotion. In (Eds.), Family health care nursing: Theory, practice and research (3rd ed., pp. 243-264). Philadelphia:    (2005). Sociocultural influences on family health. In Family health care nursing: Theory, practice and research (3rd ed., pp. 197 – 214). Philadelphia:    (2003). Family Nursing research, theory and practice. Upper Saddle River, N J: Prentice Hall.      (2005). Family health care nursing: An introduction. In  Family health care nursing: Theory, practice and research (3rd ed., pp. 3 – 37). Philadelphia: FA Davis.    (2005). Family Nursing Assessment and Intervention In Family health care nursing: Theory, practice and research (3rd ed., pp. 215 – 242). Philadelphia:    (2005). Theoretical foundations of the Calgary Family Assessment and intervention models. In Nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and intervention (pp. 29 – 55). Philadelphia: FA Davis.    (2005). The Calgary Family Assessment Model In Nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and intervention (pp. 57-151). Philadelphia:   (2007). Healthy families. In Community health and wellness a socio-ecological approach (pp. 105 – 142). Sydney: Elsevier.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Reference for resources

(2005). Family Health Promotion. In (Eds.), Family health care nursing: Theory, practice and research (3rd ed., pp. 243-264). Philadelph...

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a reference list at the end of the essay which contains the references cited in alphabetical order by author. The reference list contains the full details of the book or journal cited. Because you only refer to a shortened form of works in the main essay (author, date) your essay doesn’t get filled with too much reference material. The use of the author/date shorthand does make it easy to locate works in the reference list. Other referencing systems use superscript numbers to refer to footnotes but these can become overcomplicated as the number of footnotes rises, and the chance of misnumbering occurs. An example from the main body of a text: Within the last ten years, teachers who have attended INSET courses have reported that the courses have helped to increase their competence and confidence in using IT ( 1993; 1990), yet despite the fact that the passing years have presented opportunities for more teachers to increase their skills in IT, weaknesses identified by  (1992) seem to be still evident ( 1998;  1997). This suggests that we need to look for explanations other than attendance at INSET courses for the reasons for the apparently poor state of teachers’ competence and confidence in IT. In this text the author is citing entire works by other researchers to support her argument. Notice the use of brackets and the author/s and dates of all works. Another example from the main body of a text: One resource provided in the secondary speech genre is the “posited author” (1981). Here the quotation is a direct one so a page number has been added. Quotations of no more than two sentences can be incorporated into the main text and marked off with quotation marks, but if you quote a longer passage it must be placed in a separate paragraph and indented from the left and right margins of the main text. Reference lists All references used in the main body of assignment need including in the reference list. This is arranged in alphabetical order by author surname. Books, journals and other media are all included in the same list, do not start separate lists for books and journals, it will confuse your reader. Books Books are listed by author, date, title, place of publication, publisher:  (1988) Cognition in Practice The title of the book is either underlined or placed in italics, whichever style you use you should stick to it for all references. When the books has more than one author then list them in order they appear on the book, if it has more than 3 then the abbreviation et. al. (and others) can be used. If an author has published more than book or journal in a year then mark each one with an a,b,c etc. after the date. For example (1989). Make sure the reference in the body of the text corresponds to the one in the reference list at the end of your work. Journals Journals are listed by author, date, title of article, title of journal, part number, page numbers (beginning of article – end of article . (1991) ‘Towards a pedagogy for information technology’, The title of the journal is underlined or italicised because someone searching for the article in a library will first need to find the journal. The page numbers help to locate the article quickly. Chapters in edited books When you need to quote from a chapter in an edited book you need to follow this form. In your main text you quote the author of the chapter (not the editor/s of the book) and the date of the book. In the reference list you quote the author and date of the chapter first, and follow it with a reference to the book. In the following example, the chapter by Schlegoff has been quoted, so (Schlegoff, 1972) or a variant would appear in the main text, followed by this in the reference section.  (1972) Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D. Studies in Social Interaction (pp. 75-119). New York: Free Press. Note the use of page numbers to identify the chapter – as in journal citation. Electronic Information The key to referencing a CD-ROM or website is similar to a book or journal – you need to know the author, date and title. For web pages you must include the full address of the page, not just the address of the site. This can be copied from the address bar which normally appears at the top of the browser.  (1999) online reference An extra date, the date you accessed the page is included at the end of the reference, because webpages, unlike books, can be modified and even disappear entirely. To reference material on a CD-ROM use this format: L (1997) A Guide to Icelandic Literature, CD-ROM, London: Placebo Publishers. If you cannot find the date of a web page then mark it as “date unknown”. If you cannot find a named author of an electronic source then either use the organisation in place of the author (e.g. BBC) or mark it as “author unknown”. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a ...

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a reference list at the end of the essay which contains the references cited in alphabetical order by author. The reference list contains the full details of the book or journal cited. Because you only refer to a shortened form of works in the main essay (author, date) your essay doesn’t get filled with too much reference material. The use of the author/date shorthand does make it easy to locate works in the reference list. Other referencing systems use superscript numbers to refer to footnotes but these can become overcomplicated as the number of footnotes rises, and the chance of misnumbering occurs. An example from the main body of a text: Within the last ten years, teachers who have attended INSET courses have reported that the courses have helped to increase their competence and confidence in using IT (1993;  1990), yet despite the fact that the passing years have presented opportunities for more teachers to increase their skills in IT, weaknesses identified by  (1992) seem to be still evident ( 1998; 1997). This suggests that we need to look for explanations other than attendance at INSET courses for the reasons for the apparently poor state of teachers’ competence and confidence in IT. In this text the author is citing entire works by other researchers to support her argument. Notice the use of brackets and the author/s and dates of all works. Another example from the main body of a text: One resource provided in the secondary speech genre is the “posited author” ( 1981). Here the quotation is a direct one so a page number has been added. Quotations of no more than two sentences can be incorporated into the main text and marked off with quotation marks, but if you quote a longer passage it must be placed in a separate paragraph and indented from the left and right margins of the main text. Reference lists All references used in the main body of assignment need including in the reference list. This is arranged in alphabetical order by author surname. Books, journals and other media are all included in the same list, do not start separate lists for books and journals, it will confuse your reader. Books Books are listed by author, date, title, place of publication, publisher: (1988) Cognition in Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The title of the book is either underlined or placed in italics, whichever style you use you should stick to it for all references. When the books has more than one author then list them in order they appear on the book, if it has more than 3 then the abbreviation et. al. (and others) can be used. If an author has published more than book or journal in a year then mark each one with an a,b,c etc. after the date. For example ( 1989). Make sure the reference in the body of the text corresponds to the one in the reference list at the end of your work. Journals Journals are listed by author, date, title of article, title of journal, part number, page numbers (beginning of article – end of article  (1991) ‘Towards a pedagogy for information technology’, The Curriculum Journal, 2, 2 153-70. The title of the journal is underlined or italicised because someone searching for the article in a library will first need to find the journal. The page numbers help to locate the article quickly. Chapters in edited books When you need to quote from a chapter in an edited book you need to follow this form. In your main text you quote the author of the chapter (not the editor/s of the book) and the date of the book. In the reference list you quote the author and date of the chapter first, and follow it with a reference to the book. In the following example, the chapter by Schlegoff has been quoted, so (Schlegoff, 1972) or a variant would appear in the main text, followed by this in the reference section.  (1972) Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D.  Studies in Social Interaction (pp. 75-119). New York: Free Press. Note the use of page numbers to identify the chapter – as in journal citation. Electronic Information The key to referencing a CD-ROM or website is similar to a book or journal – you need to know the author, date and title. For web pages you must include the full address of the page, not just the address of the site. This can be copied from the address bar which normally appears at the top of the browser.  (1999) Online study skills guide, 16/9/99. An extra date, the date you accessed the page is included at the end of the reference, because webpages, unlike books, can be modified and even disappear entirely. To reference material on a CD-ROM use this format:  (1997) A Guide to Icelandic Literature, CD-ROM, London: Placebo Publishers. If you cannot find the date of a web page then mark it as “date unknown”. If you cannot find a named author of an electronic source then either use the organisation in place of the author (e.g. BBC) or mark it as “author unknown”. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a ...

References for assignment

References for assignment 5  (2007). ‘Go with the growth’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, volume 29, number 16, pages 90-91.  (2007). ‘Fun and games’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, volume 29, number 16, pages 62-63.  (2007). ‘Angels fly the flag’. BRW, 15-21 March, volume 29, number 10, pages 68-69.  (2002). ‘Exploring investor readiness: assessments by entrepreneurs and investors in Australia’. Venture Capital, volume 4, number 3, pages 219-236.  (1997). Investment readiness study. Canberra: AGPS.  (2002). Enterprise and venture capital: a business builder’s and investors handbook. 4th edition. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Grow your business (VIC) Innovation Investment Fund (IIF) Investment Ready  (2007). ‘What venture capitalists want’. BRW, 1-7 February, volume 29, number 4, pages 56-60.  (2006). ‘Small and starving’. BRW, 8-14 June, volume 28, number 22, pages 48-49.  (2006, 22-28 June). ‘New ventures go begging’. Business Review Weekly, volume 28, number 24, pages 32-33.  (1995). Financing growth: policy options to improve the flow of capital to Australia’s small to medium enterprises. Canberra. NSW Government, Funding business growth: a guide to raising capital.  (2004). Understanding small business: practice, theory and research. 2nd edition. Adelaide: Scarman Publishing. Pooled Development Funds Program (PDF)  (2007). ‘Afloat on a sea of dreams’. BRW, 11-17 January, volume 29, number 1, pages 56-57.  (2007). ‘Big money seeks small business’. BRW, 1-7 March, volume 29, number 8, pages 48-51. Small Business Accelerator Program (Queensland)   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

References for assignment

References for assignment 5 (2007). ‘Go with the growth’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, volume 29, number 16, pages 90-91. (2007). ...

References

(2007). ‘Go with the growth’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, volume 29, number 16, pages 90-91.  (2007). ‘Fun and games’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, volume 29, number 16, pages 62-63.  (2007). ‘Angels fly the flag’. BRW, 15-21 March, volume 29, number 10, pages 68-69.  (2002). ‘Exploring investor readiness: assessments by entrepreneurs and investors in Australia’. Venture Capital, volume 4, number 3, pages 219-236.  Centre for Innovation and Enterprise (1997). Investment readiness study. Canberra: AGPS.  (2002). Enterprise and venture capital: a business builder’s and investors handbook. 4th edition. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Grow your business () [Search for ‘Grow your business’ on this website] Innovation Investment Fund (IIF) Investment Ready,  (2007). ‘What venture capitalists want’. BRW, 1-7 February, volume 29, number 4, pages 56-60.  (2006). ‘Small and starving’. BRW, 8-14 June, volume 28, number 22, pages 48-49.  (2006, 22-28 June). ‘New ventures go begging’. Business Review Weekly, volume 28, number 24, pages 32-33. National Investment Council Report (1995). Financing growth: policy options to improve the flow of capital to Australia’s small to medium enterprises. Canberra. NSW Government, Funding business growth: a guide to raising capital. (2004). Understanding small business: practice, theory and research. 2nd edition. Adelaide: Scarman Publishing. Pooled Development Funds Program (PDF)  (2007). ‘Afloat on a sea of dreams’. BRW, 11-17 January, volume 29, number 1, pages 56-57.  (2007). ‘Big money seeks small business’. BRW, 1-7 March, volume 29, number 8, pages 48-51. Small Business Accelerator Program (Queensland)     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

References

(2007). ‘Go with the growth’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, volume 29, number 16, pages 90-91. (2007). ‘Fun and games’. BRW, 26 April-6 June, ...

Referencing Guide

Below are some guidelines to follow when using the MLA and APA styles:   For in-text citation:   1. Author named in a signal phrase M: Christine Haughney reports that “accidents caused by using cell phones while driving dropped by 75 percent” (81). A: Christine Haughey (1996) . . . (p. 81). H: Haughney (1996) . . . (p. 81).   2. Author cited in parenthesis M: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney 81). A: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney, 1996, p. 81). H: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney 1996, p. 81).   3. Author unknown M: It has been reported that . . . (“Cellphones” 81) or (Communication Technology 81) A: It has been reported that . . . (“Cellphones,” 1999) or (Communication Technology, 1999) H: It has been reported that . . . (‘Cellphones’ 1999) or (Communication Technology 1999)   4. Date unknown A: use n.d. for no date e.g. (Smith, n.d.) H: (Smith n.d.)   5. Page number unknown M: It has been reported . . . (Haughney)      According to Haugney . . .   6. Multiple authors For MLA: a. 2 or 3 authors M: Haughney and Blaine found out that . . . (100). b. 4 or more authors M: Haughney et al. 35   For APA: a. 2 authors Haughney and Blaine (2000) b. 2 to 5 authors Mention all authors on initial citation (Blaine, Brown, Smith & Williams, 1983) For subsequent citations, use et al. (Blaine et al., 1983) Apply second condition for works with six or more authors   For Harvard: a. 2 to 3 authors (Haughney & Blaine 2000) b. 4 or more (Haughney et al. 2000)   7. Authors with the same last name M: (D. Smith 7) A: (D. Smith, 1979) H: (D. Smith 1979)   8. Indirect Source (source quoted in another source) M: (qtd. in Kilgannon 25) A: (as cited in Kilgannon, 1990, p. 86) H: (cited in Kilgannon 1990, p. 86)   9. 2 or more works M: (Blaine 40; Smith; William 78) A: (Smith, 1989; Terrace & Brown, 2001) H: (Smith 1989; Terrace & Brown 2001)   10. Two or more works by the same author in the same year A: Use lower case letters      Kennedy (2000a)…      Kennedy (2000b)… H: (Kennedy 2000a).      (Kennedy 2000b).     For Bibliography:   AUTHORS: 1. Single author M: Brown, Deborah. A: Brown, D. H: Brown, D   2. Multiple authors M: (2) Brown, Deborah, and Todd Taylor.      (3) Brown, Deborah, Todd Taylor and Janice Walker.              (4) You can cite all the authors’ names or Brown, Deborah, et al.          A: (2-6) Walker, J., & Taylor, T. (1998). – use ampersand (&) instead of the word “and”             (more) List first 6 authors, followed by et al.   H: (2-3) Walker, J & Taylor, T 1998,       (4 or more) Besanko, D,  Dranove, D, Shanley, M & Schaefer 1998, (et al. is used for in text citations for 4 or more authors, but the names of all authors must be cited in the reference list)   3. Unknown author Use the book/article title M: “Vehicular Accidents.”  or Communication Technology. (articles: in quotation marks; books: underlined) A: Dollar rate increases. (1995, January 8). or Economics. (1996). (articles: no quotation marks; books: italicized) H: ‘Dollar rate increases’, 1995, or Economics, 1996   4. 2 or more works by the same author M: Blaine, Margaret. Research Guide. New York: Doubleday, 1997.      – - -. Thesis Writing. New York: Doubleday, 1996. (use 3 hyphens in place of the author’s name) A: type in the author’s name for all entries; arrange the year in ascending order     James, P.C. (1997). James, P.C. (2001). H: James, PC 1997,  James, PC 2001,   5. Same author, same year A: James, P.C. (1993a).      James, P.C. (1993b). H: James, PC 1993a,      James, PC 1993b,     BOOKS: 1. Basic Format M: Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001. A: Tan, A. (2001). The Bonesetter’s Daughter. New York: Putnam. H: Tan, A 2001, The Bonesetter’s Daughter, Putnam, New York.   2. Author with editor M: Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. Ed. Paul Marion. New York: Putnam, 2001. A: Tan, A. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. (P. Marion, Ed.). New York: Putnam, 2001.   3. Editor M. Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. A: Craig, P. (Ed.). (1996). The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP. H: Craig, P (ed.) 1996, The Oxford Book of Travel Stories, Oxford UP, Oxford.   For Article or Chapter in an edited book. A: Meskell, L. (2001). Archaeologies of identity. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 187-213). Cambridge, England: Polity Press. H: Meskell, L 2001, ‘Archaeologies of identity‘, in I Hodder (ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 187-213), Polity Press, Cambridge, England.   4. Edition other than the first M: Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 2000. A: Auletta, K. (2000). The Underclass. (2nd ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook. H: Auletta, K, 2000, The Underclass, 2nd edn, Overlook, Woodstock, NY.    5. Encyclopedia M: Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Languages.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed.  London: Academic Press, 1987. A: Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. (15th ed.). London: Academic Press. H: Posner, R 1987, ‘Romance Languages’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th edn, Academic Press, London.     PERIODICALS: 1. Magazine M: Lord, Lewis. “There’s Something about Mary Todd.” US News & World Report 19 Feb. 2001: 53. A: Lord, L. (2001, February 19). There’s Something about Mary Todd. US News & World Report, 53. H: Lord, L 2001, ‘There’s Something about Mary Todd’, US News & World Report, 19 February, p. 53.     2. Journal M: Ryan, Katy. “Apes and Monkeys.” African American Review. 34.3 (2000): 389-392. A: Ryan, K. (2000). Apes and Monkeys. African American Review, 34(3), 389-392. H: Ryan, K 2000, ‘Apes and Monkeys’, African American Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 389-392.   3. Newspaper M: Murphy, Sean. “Meteor Strikes.” Boston Globe. 27 Mar. 2001: A2. A: Murphy, S. (2001, March 27). Meteor Strikes. Boston Globe, A2. H: Murphy, S 2001, ‘Meteor Strikes’, Boston Globe, 27 March, p. A2.   ELECTRONIC SOURCES: MLA: Content: name of the author; title of the article; title of the site, underlined; name of editors; date of last update; name of any sponsoring organization; date of access; URL. Ex: Peters, Susan. The Life of Martin Luther. 1999. 9 Mar. 2001 <www.martinluther.com>. Margaret Sangers Paper Project. 18 Oct. 2000. History Dept. New York U. 3 Apr. 2001 <www.mspp.com>. Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Native Web. 2000. 15 Sept. 2001. <www.nativeweb.com>.   APA: Content: Follow the format for printed references, then end with the date of access and the URL. Ex: Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2001, from www.latimes.com Internet. (2005). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13, 2004, from www.encarta.com   Harvard: Content: Author; Year (Latest Update or when the site was created); Name or place of the  website; Sponsor; Date of access (date/month/year); <URL>. Ex: Therapeutic Goods Administration 2004, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 13 October, 2004, <www.tga.gov.au>.     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Referencing Guide

Below are some guidelines to follow when using the MLA and APA styles: For in-text citation: 1. Author named in a signal phrase M...

Reference

Reference

Exploiting the Virtual Value Chain Journal article by ; The McKinsey Quarterly, No. 1, 1996 Gurus on Marketing Book by ; Thorogoo...

SYSTEMS REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&page=Multi-Method_Approach (issue OR objection OR convince) ((integrated computerised system) OR “systems design”) (paper OR project OR approach OR implementation) “Ergonomics of Work Systems” safetysociety    “Star Alliance Launches First Integrated Computer System.” World Airline News,  Sept 29, 2000 .   Richard de Nuefville et al. (???) “Uncertainty Management for Engineering Systems Planning and Design,” (paper presented at the MIT Engineering Systems Symposium, March 29-31, at MIT, Cambridge, Mass.).   Sterman, John D. (2000) Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World.  Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.   Using a Multimethod Approach to Research Enterprise Systems Implementations   “Ergonomics of Work Systems” safetysociety   Kirikova, Marite. Information Systems Development: Advances in Methodologies, Components and Management. In the 11th International Conference on Information Systems Development: Methods and Tools, Theory and Practice, held in Riga, Latvia, September 12-14, 2002.   Information Systems Development: Methodologies, Techniques and Tools. Third Edition. September 2002   Vasilecas, Olegas. Information Systems Development: Advances in Theory, Practice, and Education.   On April 19, 2005, the Committee on Technology in Government held a hearing, “Oversight: Review of the Integrated Human Services Project: Update and Future Plans”, to assess the IHSP’s progress.   “Integrated Human Services Project”   Hoffer, Jeffrey A.; George, Joey F. & Valacich Joseph S. () Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

SYSTEMS REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&page=Multi-Method_Approach (issue OR objection OR convince) ((integrated...

Guidelines on Reference Listing – The Harvard System

Guidelines on Reference Listing – The Harvard System   The Harvard citation system gives guidance on including references in your written work and on constructing a list of references at the end. It is the system you are recommended to use unless directed to use another.   The purpose of references is to enable you to acknowledge the written works of other authors you have referred to in your writing. The aim of the list of references is to make it possible, if desired, for the reader to locate and obtain a copy of the works you have referred to.   This paper only briefly describes the essentials of the Harvard system. If you need more assistance, for instance with government or parliamentary publications, your Library Information Service Manager (LISM) will be pleased to help.   1)            REFERENCES   a)            Reference When another writer’s work is referred to, the author’s name and year of publication of the work should be included in the body of your writing,   e.g.      Kaufman (1987) advances the notion that elderly people maintain a sense of continuity with their past lives.   Health is dynamic and this makes it difficult to define it unambiguously as a concept (Seedhouse, 1986).   b)           Direct quotation If a writer’s work is directly quoted from, the quote, in inverted commas, should be indented on the page and followed by the writer’s name, year of publication and the page number(s) of the quote,   e.g.      Once again, reading Benner’s work shows how she makes it clear that:“intuitive grasp should not be confused with mysticism since it is available only in situations where a deep background understanding of the situation exists.”                                       (Benner, 1984, 295)   c)            Second hand references (secondary sources) If it is not possible to check the original source, refer as necessary and use “cited by” and the name of the author and the year of publication of the text actually quoted from. In general, over use of secondary material should be avoided.   e.g.      Torres (1990) suggests that the individual is the ‘core’ of nursing practice (cited by Jasper, 1994).   Merleau-Ponty (1962, cited by Munhall 1989) suggests that key concepts relating to this are embedded in individual experience.   In a list of references, include details of the publications by JASPER, M.A (1994) and MUNHALL, P.L. (1989).   2)            LIST OF REFERENCES   The reference list is given at the end of written work in a prescribed order using a standard format and punctuation.   Arrangement   a)         References are arranged alphabetically by the author’s name; different works by the same author are arranged in order of year of publication,   e.g.      AGGLETON, P. (1987) …             BALLANTYNE (1986)             HEALTH EDUCATION AUTHORITY (1993) …             HINCHLIFF, S.M. ed (1979) …             HINCHLIFF, S.M. (1987) …             JAMIESON, E.M., McCALL, J and BLYTHE, R. (1992) …       b)         If works are published by the same author in the same year, they should be listed in alphabetical order of title, using a, b, etc. after the year,   e.g.      BURNARD, P. (1987a) Counselling – basic principles in nursing.             Professional Nurse 2(9) Jun 278-280.   BURNARD, P. (1987b) Sharing a viewpoint. Senior Nurse 7(3) Sep 38-39   In the body of your writing, they are correspondingly referred to as Burnard (1987a), Burnard (1987b) etc.   Format   Book   AUTHOR, INITIALS. (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Name of publisher (Series – if relevant)   e.g.      BALY, M.E. (1984) Professional responsibility. 2nd ed. London: Wiley & Sons (Topics in Community Health)   Article   AUTHOR, INITIALS. (Year) Title. Name of Journal Volume number (Issue Number) (This is not included for journals published weekly) Date of issue First and last pages   e.g.      SULLIVAN, P.J. (1993) Occupational stress in psychiatric nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 18(4) Apr 591-601   BARKER, P. (1989) Rules of engagement. Nursing Times 85 20 Dec 58-60   Some additional details to identify a work clearly are:   (i)         Two authors   Both are named in the body of your writing, e.g. Aggleton and Chalmers (1986). Publication details in your list of references are given under the author named first,   e.g.      AGGLETON, P. and CHALMERS, H. (1986) Nursing models and the nursing process. London: Macmillan   (ii)        More than two authors   In the body of your writing use the first name followed by “et al” (a Latin abbreviation meaning “and others”),   e.g.      In a recent study, Broadbent et al (1991) examine management of the health services after Griffiths.   In your list of references it is preferable to name all the authors.   (iii)       A collection of works by different authors   If the whole work has been drawn on, give details under the editor’s name,   e.g.      HINCHLIFF, S.M. ed (1986) Teaching clinical nursing 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone   If, however, a quote has been made from one chapter of the collection, or only one chapter is relevant to your study, cite under the author of that chapter,   e.g.      BALLANTYNE, E.J. (1986) Ward learning: opportunities and problems. In HINCHLIFF, S.M. ed Teaching clinical nursing. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 48-80   (iv)      Organisations as authors   Where the work is not the responsibility of individuals it should be listed under the organisation. The full name of any organisation must be spelt out in full. Abbreviations can only be used if the full name has already been used in the same reference. The only exception is HMSO when the abbreviation is always used.   e.g.      ROYAL COLLEGE OF MIDWIVES (1992) A philosophy for midwifery. London: RCM   HEALTH EDUCATION AUTHORITY (1993) Health promotion hospitals: principles and practices. London: HEA   DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1992) The health of the nation: a strategy for health in England. London: HMSO     4.8 REFERENCING FROM THE INTERNET   Citation style for Internet sources using modified Harvard referencing:   SAMPLE CITATIONS FROM WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)   Author’s last name/ first name or homepage/ institution /university/ business name (date if available); <email address if given>; title of document; Internet address URL <www.address>; date cited /available   If there is a stated author and/ or from an author’s homepage link   Rosen, Diane; Motivation Theory Summary; Internet address URL <http://students.itec.sfsu.edt741/drosen/motive.html>; available on 17/06/97   Psych Drill Home Page; <Rgougis@xavier.xula.edu>; Sexuality, Motivation and Emotion; Internet address URL <http://www.xula.ed/~rgougis/PsychDrill3/ch8over.htm>;a available on 17/06/97   From a University Internet site   University of Quebec, Canada; Concepts – Motivation; Internet address URL <http://www.uqca.uquebec.ca/dse/3psy206/glossair/motiva.html>; available on 17/6/00   From an Institution Internet site   Agency for Health Care Policy & Research (1995); AHCPR Guidelines – Post Stroke Rehabilitation; Internet address URL <http://:www.medlib.com/achpr/psrehab/ahcprtoc.htm>; available on 01/07/97   From a Business Internet site   Business Open Learning Archive; BOLA Staff Appraisal – Maslow – The Self-Actualised Person; Internet address URL <http://sol.brunel.ac.uk/~jarvis/bola/appraisal/maslow.htm>; available on 19/06/97   No stated author/university/institution/business Internet site   Class Notes Motivation: Why do we do what we do?; Internet address URL <http://www.educ.drake.edu/romig/edu106/notes/motivation.html>; available 19/06/97   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Guidelines on Reference Listing – The Harvard System

Guidelines on Reference Listing – The Harvard System The Harvard citation system gives guidance on including references in your writt...