Research Topics: Methodology Chapter Dissertation

Culturally competent health care for all: The latina Perspective

HEALTH CARE OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES 1.0 Background of the Study             Health care is defined in American Heritage Dictionary as “the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical and allied health professionals”. Health care is one of the basic needs of an individual and everyone must be entitled to it. In the past two decades Latin American countries have experienced major sociopolitical changes and economic crises. These changes, as well as ones in the epidemiology of major causes of morbidity and mortality, have been associated with changes in health care systems (  2000). People from all walks of life are entitled to a fair healthcare. It must be provided to everyone regardless of their ability to pay. Most countries in Latin America have public health care provided and Mexico is planning to launch its own universal health care network though at the moment the standards of health care in Mexico are seriously lacking with large divides between rich and poor (2006). Moreover, compared to other countries, some health risks are more prominent in Mexico because of its culture and lifestyle. Mexico has shown increasing health problems with pesticide use. It has become an area of major concern for states like Chiapas where 58% of the population is involved in agricultural work and pesticide use (1997). The government should have a platform for the people to acquire knowledge about health concerns. 2.0 Statement of the Problem             The achievement of providing fair health care to all is the main issue here. Advances in medicine and increasing health knowledge have increased the life expectancy by 25 years in the second half of the century. The health of Latin Americans has increased in the last four generations, but still there are millions of citizens who do not have regular access to health care services.   What the local government of Latin American countries as well as the local people is doing in social protection would be the key in combating the threats to health. Providing utmost health care to every citizen should be the primary goal of the government. Collective awareness, then, is important for the local communities residing in this area.     3.0 Objectives of the Study             The main purpose of this study is to analyze the several factors that jeopardizes effective health care system. This research, specifically, purports to determine how these activities affect the people within the Latin America and the government having jurisdiction in protecting and informing citizens of their responsibilities and their rights. This research will take into account the health reforms that affect the lives of the citizens. It will assess political and economic context of the reform period which drastically changed their health care system.  It also aims to recognize the environmental, social and cultural understanding of the people in dealing with health concerns. 4.0 Research Methodology This study will use the descriptive type of research. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing (1970). In this study, primary and secondary research will be used to help them understand more about the issue, the underlying factors that resulted to the problem and the different variables that is involve in it. The primary data for the study will be represented by the survey results that will be acquired from the respondents. Qualitative data will be used on discussing health care systems, as well as a more-quantitative analysis of household surveys of health service utilization. On the other hand, the literature reviews to be presented in the second chapter of the study will represent the secondary data of the study. This will include in-depth discussion of the Latin America’s health care and the impact it has on the citizens.  The research will be presented in written form with the addition of data charts which will present the data’s results. Pie and network charts and bar graphs will be needed to illustrate some of the analyzed information to compare the transformations in the methods of delivering quality health care.     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Culturally competent health care for all: The latina Perspective

HEALTH CARE OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES 1.0 Background of the Study Health care is defined in American Heritage Dictionary a...

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY   3.1              Introduction   Two methods of data collection have been used in this study. These methods are explained in this chapter including the use of primary and secondary research and the type of semi-structured interview and self-completion questionnaire used. The study has made use of secondary sources such as journal articles, books and website articles, qualitative primary research in the form of three semi-structured interviews (regional managers and head of information technology) and a self completion questionnaire (frontline customer services staff) in the Islamic Bank of Britain were also used. 3.2              Purpose of study The research topic knowledge management in the financial sector is under-researched therefore very little literature lies in secondary sources. To research the topic knowledge management in financial sector it was decided to follow the case study approach, therefore Islamic Bank of Britain was chosen for the purpose of this study. The primary research will assess the extent to which frontline customer service staff are capturing the knowledge within Islamic Bank of Britain, particularly tacit knowledge that resides in the experience of its staff. This research will also highlight how current initiatives are meeting to the objective of knowledge capture. To do so, important elements of knowledge management identified in the literature will be used to assess whether Islamic Bank of Britain is managing its knowledge in an effective way. The factors, which will be studied in more detailed, are benefits of and barriers to implementing a knowledge management system.     3.3              Methods of data collection Information for the topic under investigation was acquired from primary and secondary research. Previous literature from secondary sources was considered, as it is essential to understand what previous studies and research have concluded. Primary research in the form of semi structured interviews and a self completion questionnaire, was essential to undertake to find any frequent themes from participants, themes that were already evident in the literature review, also primary research can give new insights from the perspectives of the participants ( 2003). 3.3.1    Secondary research The secondary research in Chapter 2 highlights studies and research that were conducted by other authors that are relevant to this research. These studies made available background into the subject being considered and allowed the starting point for the questions to be formed and used in the semi structured interviews and self completion questionnaire for the primary research. Previous research studies on knowledge management in the banking sector have been attained from journal articles, books and Internet articles. Secondary data has many advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include saving time and money, as the information has already been collected. Secondary data has a benefit such as being readily available therefore it can be obtained quickly. Secondary data can also be compared with own research findings. However, secondary data may not be relevant to ones research as it may have been collected for a purpose that does not match ones requirements ( 2003). 3.3.2        Primary research The approach used in this research was a case study approach, where Islamic Bank of Britain was chosen as a case study organisation. Case studies may be qualitative in nature and aim to provide a detailed description of a smaller number of cases ( 2001). In addition, case studies involve intensive analysis of a specific subject rather than gathering data from a large sample and population. A variety of data collection methods are usually employed in case studies, such as questionnaires, interviews, observations and analysis of documents. Islamic Bank of Britain did not allow me to have any organisational documentation, so I have chosen to use two data collection methods. A survey within frontline services staff through a self completion questionnaire and some semi structured interviews with Regional Managers, Senior Manager Information Technology and Senior Manager Human Resource. Islamic Bank of Britain has nine braches in England including head office in Birmingham with approximately one hundred and fifty employees working in all nine branches. Distribution of employees is shown in the table below: Branches No. of Employees Head office. 88 London 31 Manchester 7 Leicester 7 Birmingham 13 Total 150 Semi structured interviews Semi structured interviews were chosen as the one of the primary research methods for this dissertation. It is a primary research method, which relies on interaction between the interviewer and interviewee through alteration between the researcher’s questions and the research participant responses ( 2003). The qualitative method of semi-structured interviews was selected to allow comprehensive analysis to understand knowledge management practices and procedures of Islamic Bank of Britain from the management’s viewpoints; this allowed participants to articulate their subjective opinion. Semi structured interviews are a valuable tool when used as a self contained means of collecting data. This method also allowed a relevant list of themes and questions to be covered (2003). The semi-structured interviews included open-ended questions that ‘allow participants to characterize and describe a situation or event’ ( 2003). This method can attain viewpoints and experiences of participants, which could not be obtained from other methods such as questionnaires. Also the use of open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews allowed participants to talk freely about the selected topics and permits the interviewer to further the conversation into themes not previously discovered. Semi-structured interviews contain a certain degree of structure to cover a specific theme as well as to permit opportunity to ask additional questions to explore themes or issues arising during the interview. However, there were several drawbacks including that they required a lot of time to prepare, to conduct and to analyse the data gathered. Also, it was essential that certain gestures or comments were avoided so not to give an impression of bias and to avoid this having an adverse impact on the validity and reliability of the data gathered ( 2003). Sampling Purposive sampling were used to allow individual judgment to be used when selecting interview participants as it meant that those who were chosen were felt to be in the best position or have the right experiences to be able to answer the research questions ( 2003). (2003) also claimed that this type of sampling is often used when working with small samples and when it is necessary to select participants who are particularly informative. Therefore, to provide a broad perspective to this research, Islamic bank of Britain was requested to provide access to the following: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Senior Manager Human Resource for the people aspect and training policies</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Senior Manager Information Technology for the technology aspect</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Area Managers for the branch level strategies and implementation issues</li> </ul> Some of the participants on the list were eliminated, as they were not able to devote their time to the exercise due to work or personal commitments. This was the case of the Senior Manager Human Resource who would have been able to make a valuable contribution to this research but she was unable to participate. Semi structured interview questionnaire structure The interview questions were adopted from KPMG research report 2000.The type of question used were varied, incorporating a selection of both open and closed questions. Probing questions could then be used where it was necessary to explore a particular theme further. Leading questions, comments and negative non-verbal behavior were cautiously avoided so as not to lead the interviewee or indicate bias, therefore question were clearly phrased and asked in a neutral tone of voice.(2000: 256) clearly stated that ‘your approach to questioning should reduce the scope for bias during the interview and increase the reliability of the information obtained’. All the questions asked were directly linked to the research questions posed in the first chapter of this project. Interview questions are shown below in the following figure.     Interview questions <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Please tell me about the concept of knowledge management to IBB and how do you understand it?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Do you think you are using it to its complete degree?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Do you think senior management support knowledge management?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%"> Who is responsible for the knowledge management activities in your organisation? </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%"> What are the knowledge management problems, do you think your organisation may have? </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%"> How significant is the role that effective knowledge management can play in achieving best result with respect to ….? </li> Least significant = 1, Extremely significant = 10 <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Improving competitive advantage </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Marketing </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Improving customer focus </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Profit growth </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Product innovation </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Revenue growth </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Reducing cost </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Employee development </li> </ul>   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%"> What are the benefits; that can be achieved from a good knowledge management system? </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%"> What techniques, are using to manage knowledge? </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> What technologies, are you using to manage knowledge?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> What types of information are available on the company intranet to help frontline customer service staff in their jobs?  </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%"> When, if at all, do you intend to do any of the following, or has your organisation done them already? </li> ·         Create KM strategy ·         Benchmark / audit current situation ·         Sharing best practice ·         KM training / awareness ·         Establish formal KM networks ·         Incentives / reward knowledge working ·         Create knowledge map <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> How accurately do these statements reflect your organization?</li> ·         Not demonstrate importance of knowledge vs. achievement of goals ·         KM not uniform / pilot projects in place ·         Utilized KM procedures / recognize benefits ·         Integrated KM framework, some technical / cultural issues ·         KM procedures integral, value of knowledge reported to shareholders Recording data   The interviews arose on a one-to-one basis. Notes were taken although it is a time consuming task, because they did not allow me to record those interviews. Dealing with such a sensitive topic meant it was essential that interviewees were made to feel as comfortable and as at ease as possible and not anxious that their confidentiality would be jeopardized. A blank template containing the questions was made so that note taking would be made easier during the interview. This made it a lot easier to refer back to specific question when analysing the data. Once data was presented, the results were then used to produce a summary of findings for each question. This was then used as a basis for discussion by relating back to the relevant sections of the literature before concluding the findings under each theme. Self administered questionnaire Self completion questionnaire was chosen as second method for the data collection for the purpose of this dissertation. This method was chosen as it allows many employees views to be obtained and standardized questions to be asked. Delivery and collection type of self completion questionnaire was chosen in this research. According to (2007), there are some advantages of this technique such as researcher has confidence that the right person has responded, response rate is normally higher than other techniques and it enhances the respondent’s participation. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of this technique such as it being time consuming, high cost (travel, photocopying), loads of field work and data entry (2007)   Questionnaire design The questionnaire for the purpose of this research in knowledge management was taken from Business in Community knowledge management survey in 2002 and the key points identified in the literature review were used to expand this questionnaire. It was intended to assess the current understanding of knowledge management, the state of communications, culture, barriers and benefits to knowledge management. There were some issues which cannot be assessed question such strategic issues. As a result, this study had to gather information about organisation culture and infrastructure through face-to face interviews, where these questions were allowed. The organization has approved the wording of questionnaire before it was given to the employees. Sampling The research chose to survey all staff. Islamic Bank of Britain has eight branches in England (four in London, one in Leicester, one in Manchester and two in Birmingham) and head office in Birmingham. The questionnaires were given to every employee in each branch.  In head office they did not allow this to happen, however the Senior Manager Information Technology took responsibility for surveying a proportion of the head office staff.  One hundred and two questionnaires were given out and seventy nine questionnaires came back. Response rate of the questionnaires is shown below in the following figure.   Branches No. of Employees Questionnaire given Responses Percentage (%) Head office. 88 40 22 27.85% London 31 31 30 37.97% Manchester 7 7 7 08.86% Leicester 7 7 7 08.86% Birmingham 13 13 13 16.46% Total 150 102 79 100%   3.4 Data Analysis Methods The primary research has been analyzed in Chapter five, where the significant background to the topic is taken into account. The finding of interviews and questionnaires were compiled through the theories and frameworks evident in Chapter two, as they provided the foundations for the research questions and themes used. As a result, the qualitative and quantitative primary research has been analysed to identify relevant. This analysis was carried out firstly by combining the data from the questionnaires and by referring to the notes taken during each interview. 3.5 Ethical issues Ethics issues are involved in any research and studies ( 2003). Ethical issues relating to this research existed mainly in the primary research. Ethical issues in relation to the interviews of respondents relate to the privacy, confidentiality and secrecy of respondents and data. The participants were informed of the nature, aims and objectives and also were aware of the purpose of the research and its uses. Permission was required from the participants to use the data collected towards the research. All participants were notified of these ethical issues before the interviews took place. 3.6 Gaining Access to Data Access concerning the topic of knowledge management in Islamic Bank of Britain was firstly sought out by my own social relation with the Area Manager London, whom provided me the necessary data and support from the organisation for the purpose of my research. From which, personal meetings were arranged to collect data by using questionnaires and semi structured  interviews based on specific question, which were essential for the purpose of my research. Establishing the nature of the research allowed the secondary data to be collected, however access to secondary data regarding knowledge management in the banking sector proved to be difficult to locate as a few source lies within literature. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Two methods of data collection have been used in this study. These methods are...

Methodology on Self-Harm amongst Adolescents aged 13-19 year olds within the United Kingdom

Self-Harm amongst Adolescents aged 13-19 year olds within the United Kingdom     Methodology               The methodology part of this study discusses the research methods available for the study and what is applicable for it to use. This chapter presents how the research study was implemented and how it came up with its relevant findings. It presents the various procedures and strategies in identifying the sources for the needed information, in the desire of the author or researcher to know the relevant information regarding self-harm among adolescents in the United Kingdom. It also specifies the research design that was followed, the process of data gathering, and the data analysis method that would be used. In addition, this chapter will consist of a number of sections that will specify the use of a library-based research, which was deemed by the author of this dissertation to be the most applicable research method to be used.     Research Method             It can be taken note of that three kinds of research methods can be used in doing research studies. These three kinds of research methods are correlational, experimental, and descriptive research methods. In brief definition, the correlational research method is used for ethical and practical problems with experiments. Deducing causality from correlation is not impossible but very hard to do, thus, this mode of study is widely acceptable, cheap, and apparently ethical. However, there exist some “third variable” issues and measurement problems in the use of this type of method. As such, the correlational research method refers to research studies in which the purpose is to discover relationships between variables through using correlational statistics.             Another type of research method to use is the experimental method, which is the only method available to be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. In understanding, this type of research method is the only method that can be used to explain the bases of behavior and mental processes. Subjects are split into two or more groups, where one group is called the experimental group and obtains the treatment that the researcher believes will cause the change, thus, termed as the independent variable. On the other hand, the other group is termed as the control group, where treatment or change is not expected. Both the experimental and control groups are compared on some variable that is presumed to reflect the effects of the treatment, change, or outcome, being formally referred to as the dependent variable.             Lastly, the third research method is the descriptive research method, which uses observations and surveys. This particular research method is cheap and quick, and suggests anticipated hypotheses. However, using this research method leads to difficult ruling out alternative explanations and especially inferring causations.             Thus, in order to obtain the relevant details and information needed for understanding self-harm among adolescents in the United Kingdom, this dissertation uses the descriptive research method, which would allow the researcher to identify and classify the elements or characteristics of the subject (Neville 2005), which can be done through qualitative and quantitative research methods. In particular, this dissertation utilizes a library-research method.   Research Design             As mentioned, this dissertation uses a library-research method as its research method, in its aim to obtain the relevant information and data regarding self-harm among adolescents in the United Kingdom. As such, it uses a descriptive approach through both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative research method is more subjective in nature compared to quantitative research. It involves examining and reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a research subject, such as values, attitudes, and perceptions (Neville 2005). It also intends to find and build theories that would explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements. These qualitative elements do not have standard measures; rather they are behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs. In addition, through the qualitative research method, verbal data is obtained through observations, interviews, and questionnaires, rather than scaled, calibrated measurements (Thomson 2007). In relation to the qualitative research method is the quantitative research method. Unlike the qualitative research method, the quantitative research method permits specification of dependent and independent variables and allows for longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of the research topic. The emphasis of quantitative research is on collecting and analyzing numerical data and concentrates on measuring the scale, range, and frequency of phenomena. Although this type of research is initially harder to design, it is usually highly detailed and structured, and results can be easily gathered and statistically presented (Neville 2005). In addition, quantitative research plainly and distinctively specifies both the independent and the dependent variables under investigation. It firmly follows the original set of research goals, arriving at more objective conclusions, testing hypothesis, determining the issues of causality, and eliminates or minimizes subjectivity of judgment (Kealey and Protheroe 1996). Finally, it provides achieving high levels of reliability of gathered data due to, namely, controlled observations, laboratory experiments, mass surveys, or other forms of research manipulations.             Both the qualitative and quantitative research methods can be used in library-based research. As reported, library-based research is similar to making a research paper, being a common academic activity designed to meet professional needs. Through a library-based research, both primary and secondary sources relevant to the chosen topic will be obtained (‘Assessment Items – Glossary’ 2008). In addition, library-based research involves an analysis of primary or secondary literature/data, and should be not confused with a term paper. It also requires the analysis and interpretation of data or information. Similar to a field or laboratory research, it requires a research question, it involves an in-depth review of published literature, and frequent communication with advisers (Greco 2008). Thus, such a research method will be used for this paper in order to obtain relevant data or information on the self-harm of adolescents in the United Kingdom.      Library-Based Research Method             In order to come up with the most suitable research approaches and strategies for the study, the library-based research method was utilized. As stated earlier, making a library-based research is similar to making a research paper, wherein a research question is required and the analysis and interpretation of both primary and secondary data can be used. As such, using the library-based research method is similar to using both the qualitative and quantitative research, under the descriptive research method, as discussed previously.             Typically, in order to start the library-based research, a particular topic of interest was chosen, and this topic is self-harm among adolescents aged 13 to 19 in the United Kingdom. As indicated, this topic was chosen in order to shed light and understanding of the topic and its prevalence in the society, particularly to the parents and the academic institutions involved. This was topic was also chosen in order to somehow help its prevention and to help come up with strategies for support, therapeutic interventions, and other initiatives that would help alleviate its negative effects to the youth and the society as a whole.             After determining the topic to be given emphasis in the paper, the useful and relevant data collection method or strategy had been taken note of, which is the library-based research method. This involves the analysis and the interpretation of both primary and secondary data, which is similar to using both the qualitative and quantitative research method simultaneously. However, all the data to be gathered and used for the accomplishment of this paper were only obtained through the University library database. The many sources of data and information used in this particular paper involves the contribution of journals, magazines, articles, books, and other relevant reading materials related to the subject or topic to be addressed. Such sources will only be obtained from University library sources and not from any other sources of literary works, such as the World Wide Web.             As stated earlier, the use of the library-based research method involves analysis and the interpretation of both the gathered primary and secondary data. As such, this paper also provided the analysis and the discussion part, and the conclusion and recommendation part of the paper. The analysis and the discussion part of the paper discuss the relation of the review of the related literature to the findings of the paper. It also involves determining the strengths and weaknesses of the used research method in relation to the different sources used and the findings of the paper. Moreover, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from the library-based research will be done through data presentation, which can be done through showing tables and figures.   Rationale and Justification of a Library-Based Study             A library-based research method was utilized for the accomplishment of this paper in order to use information from the library as the primary basis of the paper. Through this research method, the author was able to collect, deduce, and cite different sorts of information in the paper. As both primary and secondary sources of data are being used, a number of justifications for the use of this particular research method are indicated:   1. Through a library-based research, the author is able to utilize the different library sources and library-based research materials, including books, magazines, journals, articles, and other reading materials. 2. Through a library-based research, the author is able to gather and sort out different reading materials in relation to the topic, thus, learning how to effectively and appropriately choose reading materials to be included for the paper. 3. Through a library-based research, the author is able to develop and use critical thinking skills as apart from only summarizing reading materials gathered. Rather, through using critical thinking skills, the author does not only summarize the reading materials gathered, but also able to understand them as he/she continues to accomplish the paper. 4. Gathering, compiling, and understanding the different reading materials also involves grasping the many scholarly opinions and views of different writers involved in the topic to be addressed. Thus, through the library-based research, the author builds a particular stand regarding the topic. He/she also produces and develops his/her personal views and contradictions regarding the topic, thus, becoming more enlightened and guided regarding the topic. 5. Through a library-based research, the author is able to develop and communicate his/her skills as a reader, researcher, critical thinker, and writer through assembling and coming up with a logically-organized and clearly-written paper, along with proper documentation (‘Writing a Research Paper’ 2004).   Strengths and Weaknesses of Library-Based Research As emphasized earlier, the library-based research done in line with the accomplishment of this paper is through direct access to different sources of data in the University library. As such, both the strengths and weaknesses of using and utilizing a library-based research have been indicated. Based on the justifications and the rationale of using the library-based research, it can be understood that a number of advantages can be presented. This can be reiterated in determining the many strengths involved in using the library-based research:   1. The primary strength of using a library-based research method is allowing the researcher or author to utilize the many library sources that can be found in the University library, such as books, magazines, articles, journals, and other reading materials. It offers vast volumes and numbers of references or sources. 2. Library-based research allows the author or researcher to effectively and appropriately gather and organize his/her reading materials in relation to the topic or subject to be addressed. 3. The library-based research method helps develop and improve critical thinking of the researcher or author through the different sources and arguments gathered and sorted. 4. The library-based research method allows the researcher or author of the paper to effectively understand the topic or subject addressed through the volumes of reading materials used. 5. The library-based research method saves the author or researcher time for engaging in research by accessing only one location and venue for obtaining the needed references. 6. This particular research method allows the author or researcher to utilize the collection in the library effectively, being highly organized and standardized (Ciolek 2005). 7. Library-based references are stable and trustworthy, allowing cross-reference easily and effectively (Ciolek 2005).               The strengths of using the library-based research method build on the confidence and skills of the author or researcher of the paper to accomplish the paper. However, aside from the strengths of using the library-based researcher method are its weaknesses. Such weaknesses must also be recognized in order to provide caution for the author or researcher regarding the use of the research method. The different determined weaknesses of the research method are as follows (Ciolek 2005):   1. Access to the University library is limited. The University library is only open on limited days and hours, thus, making data gathering and collection limited, compared to using more sources for data, such as the Internet. 2. The library offers vast numbers or sources, which further limits the time allotted for the author or researcher of the paper to access the most relevant and appropriate source. 3. Library sources are located in catalogues, which are usually placed separately from the actual sources, such as books and other reading materials and does not determine the availability of the reading materials in the shelves. 4. Some reading materials or sources are readily available in circulation, thus, making those reading materials readily available to all library users. This limits the access of the author or researcher for the references, especially if other users also need the particular source. 5. Some sources are in the form of paper, microfilms, and other objects, which cannot be taken out of the University library due to its fragility or the availability of the instruments to be used for it to be accessed. This weakens library-based research. 6. Using library-based sources involves slow extraction from sources as some sources include books, journals, old manuscripts, microfilms, and old manuscripts. This cannot easily be copied or reproduced for educational purposes. 7. Finding the needed information is complicated and slow, as not all sources or references can be found in one location only. Thus, gathering and collecting secondary data may take time. 8. Interaction of the library users is mainly with the University librarians and with the collection itself. Compared with using other sources, such as the Internet, using the University library only limits the interaction of the user, thus, limiting him or her to obtain needed information.               Based on the many weaknesses identified, it can be understood that despite the usefulness of the many sources available in the University library, a number of disadvantages can still be determined with solely relying on the different references or sources provided by library-based research method. Determining such weaknesses or disadvantages enables to author or researcher to properly and carefully locate sources and references available in the University library depending on its availability.   Use of Secondary Data to Investigate the Subject Area             As mentioned, the library-based research method involves the analysis and the interpretation of both the primary and secondary sources and references. As such, because the research method used is library-based, it means that the bulk of the research and the data collected are secondary research data, which can be obtained in books, journals, magazines, articles, and other reading materials. Although it can be perceived that obtaining such secondary data from different reading materials is relatively easy, this is not always the case. This is because a number of issues can be determined in relation to obtaining relevant data from such sources. Understanding and taking note of such issues primarily involves the many weaknesses of using and relying on library-based research identified previously. This involves the element of time, the vast number of sources, location, availability, forms, manner of extraction, and interaction with other individuals that can help the author or the researcher to obtain the relevant sources needed for the accomplishment of the paper. Given such weaknesses, it can be understood that using the library-based research method cannot always be highly useful for the author or researcher.             Another issue involved in the use of secondary data is the issues of access and degree of representation, particularly in relation to the extent of available literature to which the student has access. In some instances, the needed sources of references of the author or researcher may be in the form of old manuscripts or microfilms, which cannot be accessed outside the library premises. As such, this limits the time and the available sources of the author to accomplish the paper. In addition, in relation to the access of materials, some sources or references are readily available for other students or users of the University library, thus, somehow generating competition among the access and use of such needed references. Because the access of the books or other references involves a time element, some of the needed sources may not be available for a period of time.             Another issue in the use of secondary data is that it will not be acceptable to undertake library-based studies on subjects that are not represented in the libraries of the University. As such, students will only be exempted to use the inter-library loan facility. Using mainly the different sources or references that can be found in the University library is also dependent on the type of subject or topic to be addressed by a particular author or researcher in the accomplishment of his/her paper. In the University library, some references and sources may not have adequate number of sources to provide for the needs of the author or researcher of the paper. Thus, the main reliance of the user to the sources available in the library serves as one of the limitations of the library-based research method.             Lastly, the issue of the organization of the study in relation to the identification of key words/ terms, the data collection techniques, methods of data storage, the development of theoretical frameworks also serves as another issue of the use of secondary data. This is because due to the vast number of sources available for the user, it would be difficult for him/her to identify key words/items. Data collection techniques will also be a problem, as library sources take on various forms, thus, also making data storage problematic.   References ‘Assessment Items – Glossary’ 2008, E231 Schools in Context, viewed 22 April 2008, <http://tlcwebapps.murdoch.edu.au/outcomes/src/bg/as/bgas1.html>. Ciolek, TM 2005, Notes on the Internet Based Research Techniques, Indonesian Studies Graduate Summer School, viewed 22 April 2008, <http://www.ciolek.com/PAPERS/online-research-techniques.html>. Greco, L 2008, De Paul Liberal Arts and Sciences, viewed 22 April 2008, <http://gis.depaul.edu/envirsci/Administrative/students/thesis.html>. Kealey D and Protheroe, D 1996, ‘The Effectiveness of Cross-Cultural Training for Expatriates: An Assessment of the literature on the issue’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 141-165. Neville, C 2005, ‘Introduction to Research & Research Methods’, Effective Learning Service, Bradford University School of Management, pp. 1-45. Thomson, R 2007, ‘Qualitative Research Study Design’, Training in Research in Reproductive Health/Sexual Health Geneva 2007, pp. 1-11. ‘Writing a Research Paper’ 2004, Penn Libraries, viewed 22 April 2008, <http://www.library.upenn.edu/courseware/coursetools/researchpaper.html>. 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Methodology on Self-Harm amongst Adolescents aged 13-19 year olds within the United Kingdom

Self-Harm amongst Adolescents aged 13-19 year olds within the United Kingdom Methodology The methodology part of ...

Chapter 3 Methodology: QED International Limited

Chapter 3 Methodology I. Introduction             The study aims to investigate the extent that QED International Limited, a service support company for the oil and gas industry, plays the role of supporting the industry by providing specialist engineering and support services globally. To achieve this aim, the study seeks to fulfil the primary objective of conducting a strategic audit of QED International Limited. The strategic audit is the prelude to recommendations on the future strategic action of the company. In addition, the research also seeks to address the knowledge gap in existing literature of using only one or more of elements of the strategic resulting to the derivation of limited information. As such, the study utilises the complete strategic audit of QED International Limited instead of just using one or more components to derive a comprehensive understanding of the resources and competencies of the business firm.             The chapter discusses the methodology framework applied in collecting the data needed to achieve this aim and objectives. The methodology framework applies the research onion (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003) model shown in Appendix 1 below. The research onion guides the methodological considerations of the research study by starting with general before going to the specific approaches and methods. II. Research Design A. Research Philosophy The study utilises the objective approach, which is the recognition “that social entities exist in a reality external to social actions” (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 108). This applies to the study because the target of the research is the processes, structures and systems applied in the business firm subject of the study within which personnel operates. Conducting the strategic audit involves a consideration of the strategies, practices and norms of QED International Limited based on the assumption that these would remain more or less the same regardless of the people working within the system. Objectivity applies to the study by supporting a fact-based approach (Gill & Johnson 1997) used through the determination of analytical instruments and measurements that addresses the aims and objectives of the study. B. Research Approach             The inductive approach applies to the study because the data collection process involves the derivation of specific data on the various aspects of operations of QED International Limited. Specific data then becomes the basis of conclusions relative to the research aims and objectives together with generalisations on the merit of conducting a complete strategic audit for the company as well as other firms within the service sector for the oil and gas industry. The study collects specific data and analyses the data to come up with general statements on the implications of the data relative to the situation of the company subject of the study. C. Research Strategy             The investigation applies case study as the strategy. Case study constitutes an empirical or experience-based inquiry that is “strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence” (Robson 2002, p. 178). This strategy also employs evidence from different sources to derive a complete understanding of the phenomenon (Yin 1984). These have implications to the study. One, the strategy applies to empirical studies, which is a characteristic of the present study that draws on the experiences of QED International Limited in terms of the different aspects of the strategic audit. Another, the strategy employs different sources of information, which also fits the intention of the study to deriving secondary and primary data from various sources including reports and interviews.             The case study strategy fits the aims and requirements of the study because this meets the objective of coming-up with a context-based and detailed analysis of a specific situation, which is the strategic operation of QED International Limited. In addition, the investigation only focuses on a single company, QED International Limited, which constitutes the case subject of the study. D. Methodology Choice             Mixed methods constitute the choice of methodology. This method employs “quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques and analysis procedures either at the same time (parallel) or one after the other (sequential) but does not combine them” (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 145-146). This aligns with the research strategy of case study that involves different sources. Qualitative method applies in studies deriving detailed accounts, descriptions, and experiences of phenomena and processes (Rubin & Rubin 2006). This applies to the study because the intention is to derive accounts from managers of the QED International Limited with direct experience and knowledge of the various aspects of the strategic audit. Quantitative method works in investigations that involve the testing of principles and theories and derivation of measurable data (Blaxter, Hughes & Tight 1998). This applies to the current study because the strategic audit involves the testing of the concepts comprising the audit and some aspects of the audit involve the consideration of measurable data. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods as a mixed method provides a number of benefits. One is the ability to draw a deeper and wider perspective of the subject to the study by drawing measurable and non-measurable data covering the different aspects of the study. Another is the achievement of the benefit of drawing rich data from mixing both methods since this is not achievable by sticking to only one or the other. Last is the minimisation of the disadvantages of using one or the other since using quantitative method covers measurable data but fails to consider the explanations for measurable data while employing qualitative method alone fails to consider the measurable aspects of the phenomenon.             The utilisation of the quantitative and qualitative methods occurs at the same time or in parallel to each other. The completion of the strategic audit involves the use of quantitative method in conducting the strategic audit since some aspects such as the performance analysis involve the consideration of quantitative data including revenue and profit measuring performance. The strategic audit also applies the qualitative method in aspects such as core competence analysis and value chain analysis by considering the accounts of managers with direct experience and knowledge of these areas of the strategic audit. E. Time Horizons             Cross-sectional method is the time horizon of the study. This method is the investigation of “a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time” (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 148). This applies to the current study because the data collected pertains to phenomenon or situation during the period of the data collection. This means that considerations of past data and future expectations found basis on the present period of the data collection. In addition, the data collection period occurs in a short period. The interview period occurs in a relative short period making the time horizon for the study cross-sectional as opposed to the longitudinal study that involves data and data collection occurring in an extended period. F. Techniques and Procedures             1. Data Requirement             The research involves the collection of primary and secondary data. Primary data refers to information obtained first hand through the interviews with managers of QED International Limited with experience and knowledge of the aspects of the strategic audit. Secondary data are those derived for their original intentions reported as raw data or interpreted. Sources of secondary data include books, journal articles, research papers, and relevant online papers. Secondary data constitutes a framework for the current study and supports the role of the study in reflecting academic learning. Using both primary and secondary data aligns with the case study strategy of deriving information from different sources. This also aligns with the application of the qualitative method that involves the determination of concepts relating to the study and the application of these concepts in the data collection process.             2. Data Collection             The method used in collecting primary data is the interview method, which allows the research to capture the perspectives of people (Rubin & Rubin 2006), with direct experience and valuable insight of the phenomenon investigated, through a purposeful conversations or discussions (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003). Using the interview method allows the research to obtain accounts or descriptions from parties directly involved in the phenomenon subject of the study that aligns with the qualitative method applied in the study. The interview proceeds through an unstructured framework since the interview proceeds using open-ended questions or questions without a set of specific answers provided (Rubin & Rubin 2006; Schostak 2006). The unstructured interview carries the advantage of allowing the researcher to gain data based on the answers given by the respondents and to probe deeper to derive rich explanations of answers. This also has a number of limitations such as the difficulty to reduce volumes of information into transcribed data as well as the need for accurate transcription by the researcher. However, by using the questionnaire as guide, the researcher mindful of the aims and purpose of the study, and practice in efficient transcription, these would address the limitations. In addition, the quantitative data and secondary data would serve to support an accurate understanding of the context of the answers provided by the respondents to ensure valid research outcomes.             The interview questionnaire found in Appendix 2 below is categorised and organised according to the six aspects of the strategic audit, which are 1) Resource Audit, 2) Value Chain Analysis, 3) Core Competence Analysis, 4) Performance Analysis, 5) Portfolio Analysis, and 6) SWOT Analysis. This ensures that research questions provide answers to the interview questions that also pertain to the different aspects of the strategic audit.             3. Data Analysis             The data analysis happens by comparing the answers to the interview from the different interviewees to determine similarities and differences in answers and explain any differences based on the context of the interviews and the interviewees. The data analysis also involves the interpretation of the results of the data from the different aspects of the strategic audit in terms of the research aim and objectives. Moreover, the data analysis also covers the derivation of generalisations as these arise. III. Viability and Reliability Issues             Two issues that arise in the research investigation are reliability and validity. Reliability is the extent that the data collection method would result to consistent outcomes (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Lowe 2002). A reliability issue in the study is participant or subject error since an interview with the respondents at one time could yield to a different result when made at another time. The solution to this is setting an interview schedule according to the convenient time of the respondents to ensure sufficient time and attention in the interview process. Another reliability issue is researcher bias especially in the transcription of the interview results but by combining data collection methods to derive different perspectives of the phenomenon subject of the study and sticking to the aims and objectives, then this would be minimised.             Validity refers to the extent that the findings or results captures or represents the phenomenon subject of the study (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Lowe 2002). Valid data is ensured by developing an interview questionnaire that reflects the aims and objectives of the study, employing data analysis methods that also target the aims and objectives of the study, and effective interpretation by linking and supporting conclusions and generalisations with secondary and primary data. IV. Ethical Considerations             Ethical considerations in the study focus on the voluntary participation of the respondents by obtaining their consent to participate in the study. Initially, the purpose of the research and the participation expected to the participants are communicated to them as part of the selection process. It is important that all the respondents understand what is expected of them and the express what they expect from the researcher and the interview process. By obtaining the consent of participants, the interview process flows smoothly. V. Timeline             The study follows a research timeline shown below as a means of organising the research process and ensuring sufficient time for all the stages of the process. May 2008 Submission of Research Proposal Mid-June 2008 Finalisation of the Research Proposal based on the Comments End of June to Mid-July 2008 Completion of the Introductory Chapter, the Literature Review, and Methodology Chapter End of July to August 2008 Collection of Primary Data through Interviews Mid-September 2008 Data Analysis End of September 2008 Submission of First Draft October 2008 Submission of Second Draft November 2008 Submission of the Final Research Paper     References Blaxter, L, Hughes, C & Tight, M (1998) How to Research, Open University Press, Buckingham.   Easterby-Smith, M, Thorpe, R & Lowe, A (2002) Management Research: An Introduction, 2nd edition, Sage Publications, London.              Gill, J & Johnson, P (1997) Research Methods for Manager, 2nd edition, Paul Chapman, London.   Robson, C (2002) Real World Research, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.   Rubin, H & Rubin, I (2006) Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.   Saunders, C, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A (2003) Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd edition, London, Prentice Hall Financial Times.   Schostak, JF (2006) Interviewing and Representation in Qualitative Research Projects, Open University Press, Berkshire.   Yin, RK (1984) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.       Appendices Appendix 1: Methodology Framework Source: (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 102)         Appendix 2: Research Questionnaire ______________________________________________________________________ Personal Information Name: ________________________________________________________________ Position in the Company: _________________________________________________ Department or Division: __________________________________________________ Years of Service: _______________________________________________________    Instruction: Please freely provide your answers to the following questions. Resource Audit 1. How would you describe the availability and allocation of financial resources of the company? Please explain further. 2. How would you describe the sufficiency and capabilities of human resources in terms of performance and productivity? Please explain further. 3. How would you describe the availability and allocation of financial resources of the company? Please explain further. 4. How would you describe the availability and allocation of physical resources of the company? Please explain further. 5. How would you describe the role and application of resource audit in the company? Please explain further. 6. Are there any problems in company resources? Please explain further. 7. What are your recommendations in addressing this problem area? Please explain further. Value Chain Analysis 8. What primary activities create value for the company and its consumers? Please explain further. 9. What secondary activities support the creation of value for the company and its consumers? Please explain further. 10. To what extent do secondary activities support the completion of the primary areas of operation of the company? Please explain further. 11. Are there any problems in the creation of value in the company and for consumers? Please explain further. 12. What are your recommendations in addressing this problem area? Please explain further. Core Competence Analysis 13. What capabilities provide the firm with a competitive advantage? Please explain further. 14. How would you describe the competitive atmosphere faced by the company? Please explain further. 15. How would you describe the extent that the company adjusts to changes in the competitive environment? Please explain further. 16. Are there any problems in developing competencies to support competitiveness? Please explain further. 17. What are your recommendations in addressing this problem area? Please explain further.   Performance Analysis 18. How would you describe the performance of the company based on the achievement of its goals? Please explain further. 19. How would you describe the performance of the company relative to the position and status of its competitors? Please explain further. 20. How would you describe the performance of the company relative to the best performer in the industry? Please explain further. 21. Are there problems in the internal and relative performance of the company? Please explain further. 22. What are your recommendations in addressing this problem area? Please explain further. Portfolio Analysis 23. How would you describe the operation of the different business units of the company? Please explain further. 24. How would you describe the 25. How would you describe the relationship between corporate headquarters and the business units? Please explain further. 26. How would you describe the extent of accomplishment of company objectives by the business units? Please explain further. 27. Are there any problems in the business units of the company? Please explain further. 28. What are your recommendations in addressing this problem area? Please explain further. SWOT Analysis 29. How would you describe the internal strengths of the company? Please explain further. 30. How would you describe the internal weaknesses of the company? Please explain further. 31. How would you describe the external opportunities open to the company? Please explain further. 32. How would you describe the external threats faced by the company? Please explain further. 33. Are there problems in the development of the strengths, consideration of the weaknesses, recognition of the opportunities, and addressing of the threats by the company? Please explain further. 34. What are your recommendations in addressing these problem areas? Please explain further.                                                                                                         Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Chapter 3 Methodology: QED International Limited

Chapter 3 Methodology I. Introduction The study aims to investigate the extent that QED International Limited, a service su...