Research Topics: Mental Health Nursing

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Introduction             The humans are the highest and superior kind of animals. It is because humans can think, act and acquire knowledge than the common animals in the animal kingdom. The human brains are definitely different than the other animals and furthermore, different from the other human beings. Human can use the knowledge or skills they learn through time and it is always meant to pass it to the others. But human memories also diminish and end up of losing them. As the person grows old, the capacity of the brain cannot hold on to the memories that happened many years ago. And other research studies shows that it is a part of memory gaps. The Memory Path In the beginning, according to Dubuc (2002) the stimuli can either accept or reject the presence of an object through the use of organs and senses. When the stimuli accepted the object, it enters on sensory memory that needs attention that will not last for long, but enough to examine a certain object and catch the details. Then the information about the object passed on the short-term memory. The short-term memory can hold on the current information but only with limited amounts, which is also called as the working memory. In this stage, the information is facilitated and assessed until it reached the long-term memory. Aspects of Short-Term Memory The short-term memory or the working memory can retrieved the lost information after seconds by repetition. Because of the limited capacity, the duration of information can last from seconds to minutes.  Based on the study of Dubuc (2002), there are three aspects of short-term memory are iconic, that has the ability to grip visual images; acoustic, that can facilitate the sounds; and the working memory, that can activate the information and directly stored the information on either short or long-term memory of the brain. Aspect of Long-term Memory Unlike the short-term memory, the long-term memory can hold the information until it is called as the memories. The information that is lost can be retrieved back with the help of the working memory. The aspect of the long-term memory as Dubuc (2002) says, starts with the explicit memory that can be trained by memorizing the information. The implicit memory has the ability to recall the information without too much effort that usually came from the explicit memory. The episodic memory is based on the past experiences of the person and can recall the relevant events. The semantic memory is in charge in storing and generalizing the facts that collected through reading, concept, or problem-solving. And the Procedural memory is meant for the ability to recall the things that needs actualization or performance. The journey begins with the sensory receptors receiving stimuli. The stimuli register in the appropriate areas of the cortex like in visual, auditory, and the like according to the work of Wolfe (2001). Interferences and Counteraction Lewandowsky, et al., (2009) identified the two kinds of interferences, the retroactive interference and proactive interference.Retroactive interference occurs when information works backwards to interfere with earlier information. Meanwhile, the Proactive interference occurs when current information is lost because it is mixed up with previously learned, similar information. Interferences usually happen when the memory cannot process or impaired because of the presence of other representations. There are ways of improving the memory and reducing the effects of the interferences which are considered as concrete strategies. These include paying attention to the information using rehearsal techniques. The techniques can be both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal. As suggested by Lewandowsky, et al., (2009), the rehearsal could counteract and restore the information and details. Through rehearsals, the things are repeated and can be easily remembered. With the help of rehearsal, a student may read a text in a book twice, to fully understand the meaning of each paragraph. It is advisable for the students to make the information be cut in pieces or chunks to separate the essential though retain in mind. And to avoid interference, the student must try to recall between the differences of the two terms that is used in the instruction, like for example, the difference of solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. Other Types of Forgetting There are other two remaining types of forgetting aside from the two interferences and these are the fading and distortion. Fading is the term when there is no chance to recall information from the memory because of disuse. There was once a clear memory, but it has faded away because the information was never used. And the distortion is a representation of an imperfect image is recalled from long-term memory. The information is still in memory, but it is distorted, so that it is no longer the same as what was originally stored. Connerton (2008) presented the seven other types of forgetting that can be intentionally or accidentally. The repressive erasure is forgetting the not-so-good events that person experienced. The prescriptive forgetting is like the erasure but with the participation of the other person. The doubts can also lead to forget and form a new identity which is the third type of forgetting. The fourth type is structural amnesia that happens to a person when he or she intended to forget something and retain other essential memories. The next are the forgetting like an annulment, forgetting as it planned obsolescence and giving attention on some limits. And the last is forgetting as in silence that can appear in political aspects.   Consolidation Consolidation seems to be the result of biological changes underlying the retention of learned information. Consolidation is a process when the short-term memory bound to stay or being permanent and directs to the long-term memory. It can be improve with sleep, practice, and testing the knowledge learned. It can also help if the person is not ceasing to gain new knowledge and teaching (Fernandez & Goldberg, 2009). Consolidation and retrieval can be possible when it is used with mnemonic strategies that can strengthen the long-term retention. The strategies may be in key word, acronyms or abbreviation, acrostics, and rhyming. References: Connerton, P., (2008). Seven Types of Forgetting. Memory Studies. Accessed 24 September 2009, from http://mss.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/1/1/59.pdf. Dubuc, B., (2001). The Brain from Top to Bottom. Canadian Institutes of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Addiction. Accessed 24 September 2009, from http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_07/i_07_p/i_07_p_tra/i_07_p_tra.html. Fernandez, A., & Goldberg, E., (2009). The Sharp Brains Guide to Brain Fitness. Accessed 16 September 2009, from http://www.sharpbrains.com/blog/2008/07/09/improve-memory-with-sleep-practice-and-testing/. Lewandowsky, S., et al., (2009). No Temporal Decay in Verbal Short-Term Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Accessed 24 September 2009, from http://www.psy.uwa.edu.au/Users%20web%20pages/cogscience/documents/LewandowkyetalTICSinpress.pdf. Wolfe, P., (2001). Long-Term Memory: The Brain’s Storage System. Brain Matters. Accessed 16 September 2009, from http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/101004/chapters/LongTerm_Memory@_The_Brain%27s_Storage_System.aspx.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Introduction The humans are the highest and superior kind of animals. It is because h...

Has health promotion improved the Health of Australians?

Overview of Health promotion and health improvement programs   Health promotion is with intention of really maintaining as well as promoting health in diverse interest to medicine and clinical care as the health promotion concerns to population who are not sickly but, health promotion starts with people who are healthy for instance, the quality of roads and vehicle design will determine how many road accidents there are and how many people die. As a person cannot crash head on into an oncoming line of traffic if the road has strong median divider as determined by public policy, not by what the individual driver decides as it can be that health promotion has nothing to do with individual behavior. Then, health promotion concerns with structure of life circumstances rather than individual behavior as health promotion in the mainstream is most significant improvements to health occur outside things that people need to do for themselves. In other words, it can be the social context and structure of services available to people as central focus for health promotion and reprove individuals to mend ways. Ensuring adequacy of economic condition for which people should advocate it volubly, an obligation that rests on those who educate tomorrow’s doctors and health providers in order to sensitize the needs of community.   Insights Cited From:   Health Promotion in Australia The success health promotion and preventative programs have attracted increasing attention and resources from Government. This trend is likely to continue as we have firm evidence that these programs give a big return on the Government’s investment – as detailed in a recent report commissioned by my department.  The report by Applied Economics is the most detailed examination ever attempted of the costs and benefits of Australian public health programs – and found that of the five national programs considered, every one has delivered social and community benefits for beyond its costs.  While there is no formal, nationally agreed policy statement in Australia on health promotion, the principles of prevention and education are now an accepted and increasingly integrated part of our health system. This is supported by a strong infrastructure within both the government and non-government sectors, and greatly improved research.  While government action is central, governments cannot work in isolation on these issues. Health promotion and disease prevention can only be effective if it reaches people in their homes, workplaces and communities. To do this, we have to work across levels of governments, with business, with the medical profession with a range of community agencies.         One of these agencies is the national professional association, the Public Health Association of Australia, which was founded in 1967. The association provides strong advocacy for health promotion and prevention, and is actively involved in policy development, research and training. It also provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, knowledge and information on public health in Australia.  Within Australian government, milestone was reached with the creation of the National Public Health Partnership in 1996. The Partnership’s role is to identify public health priorities in Australia and plan and coordinate national strategies to address them. Its key objective is to ensure that all levels of government are working together in an effective and efficient way on important public health issues. The ability to work together is key to delivering future health promotion programs. These programs will need to be sustainable, effective and flexible, address local issues and needs, and to respond to international emergencies.   Development of Health Promotion in Australia   Partly because of this success health promotion and preventative programs have attracted increasing attention and resources from all levels of Government. This trend is likely to continue as we have firm evidence that these programs give a big return on the Government’s investment as detailed in a recent report commissioned by my department. The report by  was detailed examination ever attempted of costs and benefits of Australian public health programs and found that of the five national programs considered, every one has delivered social and community benefits for beyond its costs.  While there is no formal, nationally agreed policy statement in Australia on health promotion, the principles of prevention and education are now an accepted and increasingly integrated part of our health system. This is supported by a strong infrastructure within both the government and non-government sectors, and greatly improved research. While government action is central, governments cannot work in isolation on the issues as health promotion and disease prevention can only be effective if it reaches people in their homes, workplaces and communities as people have to work across government and of community agencies. Aside, one of agencies is the Public Health Association of Australia that provides strong advocacy for health promotion and prevention, and is actively involved in policy development, research and training. It also provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, knowledge and information on public health in Australia. Within government, milestone was reached with the creation of the National Public Health Partnership in 1996. With strategic leadership from the Commonwealth, the Partnership was formed by the Health Ministers of the Commonwealth and all of the States and Territories. The Partnership’s role is to identify public health priorities in Australia, and plan and coordinate national strategies to address them. Its key objective is to ensure that all levels of government are working together in an effective and efficient way on important public health issues pulling together rather than just doing their own thing. Australia is grappling with a progressively less active and overweight and obese population with implications for escalating levels of chronic disease. During 2002, the Council of Australian Governments made such agreement to work together to improve health and status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. There were improvements in primary care, imperative raise in attendance for antenatal care attending, reductions in mortality rates and low birth-weights and close to such vaccine coverage for children. The ability to work together is essential to delivering future health promotion programs as the programs will need to be effective and flexible in order to address local issues and needs and to respond to international emergencies and to devise new and innovative ways to tackle the difficult problems of co-morbidity and multiple risk factors which are a characteristic of our modern lifestyle.   Source of insights above:     Health Concerns in Australia   A. LUNG CANCER Cancer have impact in Australian community incidence rates, one in three men and one in four women in Australia will develop cancer by the age of 75. By age 85, the risk increases to one in two for men and one in three for women. More than 93 000 Australians were diagnosed with new cases of cancer in 2003. The estimated number of non-melanoma skin cancers treated in Australia in 2002 was 347 000. Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in Australia, followed by colorectal, breast, cancer of unknown primary site and prostate cancer and breast cancer. These five cancers accounted for 53 percent of all deaths from cancer. (Cited from, , 2007) The Australian Government recognizes that cancer is serious health issue and has reaffirmed its promise to reduce the burden of all cancers by committing the Strengthening Cancer Care initiative. This initiative will ensure better coordination of the national cancer effort; more research funding for cancer care; enhanced cancer prevention and screening programs; and better support and treatment for those living with cancer. (Cited from, , 2007)     National Tobacco Campaign – Health Promotion Approach During June 1997, Minister for Health and Aged Care launched the National Tobacco Campaign which was collaborative national social marketing campaign involving the Australian Government, State and territory governments and key non-government organizations working in tobacco control. The campaign involves comprehensive health promotions approach including: (Cited from, , 2007)     -          powerful mass media advertising -          complementary public relations activities at the national and local level -          upgraded services for smokers at the local level -          the involvement of health professionals       Campaign Outcomes The Australian Government provided 75 percent of the cost of the television blitz with remainder contributed by States and Territories, evaluation research showed that the campaign was having the desired effect on smokers. The proportion of adults currently smoking had fallen by 1.4 percent as equivalent around 190,000 less smokers. Then, Australia was pleased to assist in providing material as smoking is health scourge even if prevalence of smoking is declining, it is rising in other country and matter of concern for global health community. There were health warnings printed on cigarette packaging in Australia but, have been steadily strong and graphic. There were health actions as implemented through Communicable Diseases Network comprising State and Territory health authorities and infectious diseases specialists. When the need is considered to be great enough, every avenue should be explored and that means hitting what was the hip pocket nerve imposing monetary price on choices which are bad for health and Australian community. (Cited from, , 2007) The National Cancer Strategies Group will provide expert advice on best practice strategies and interventions for implementing priorities in cancer control Maintain oversight of the implementation and evaluation of agreed national strategies and interventions for cancer. Provide advice on the development and implementation of the National Cancer Control Plan for the coming years. Consider, evaluate and recommend priorities not identified in National Cancer Control Plan that have the potential to increase the effectiveness or equity of cancer control and offer value for money, or that can reduce the cost of cancer control with no or minimal loss of effectiveness. (Cited from, , 2007)     Plans and priorities One priority for Cancer Australia is to conduct a review of national cancer control activity, consortium of national cancer control and public health organisations has been contracted to complete the review and prepare a report to Cancer Australia. There will reviews in collating and evaluating information regarding cancer control activity in Australia to identify opportunities for building collaboration and capacity and strengths, gaps and overlaps in activities and effort. (Cited from, , 2007)           Building cancer support groups The Australian Government has committed new funding of .1 million to assist in developing cancer support networks. Small grants of up to ,000 will be available as seed funding to support groups in the areas of bowel, lung, ovarian and other cancers and will contribute to salary and administration expenses of the organisations. The redevelopment allows for facilities to be amalgamated in one area and for additional 15 beds and improved parent facilities to be provided. (Cited from, , 2007)     The preliminary cancer research priorities will be: (Cited from, , 2007)     -          improving screening programs to ensure that patients can be identified and treated appropriately and ensuring that screening services are effective -          early detection of breast and ovarian cancers -          the application of emerging new treatments and technologies, particularly for bowel and prostate cancer -          improvements in cancer outcomes through better coordination of care and a multi-disciplinary approach         B. ROAD INJURIES   Injury prevention and control was endorsed as a National Health Priority Area by the Australian Health Ministers in 1986 in recognition of the national burden of injury.  Injuries result in an estimated 6 percent of deaths each year in Australia and are responsible for an estimated 400,000 hospital admissions annually. (Cited from, , 2007)   Injuries are the principal cause of death in almost half of the people under 45 years of age, and account for a range of physical, cognitive and psychological disabilities that seriously affect the quality of life of injured people and their families. Australia has achieved some significant gains in the prevention of a number of different types of injuries where concerted efforts have been made. There have been improvements in road safety, road toll in Australia has fallen from 3,578 in 2002 (Cited from, , 2007; , 2003). The reduction in road deaths has occurred despite significant growth in population, vehicle numbers and kilometers traveled. Initiatives such as random breath testing, compulsory seat belts, speed blitzes, car design and safety features better roads, ongoing community education regarding road safety, and improved life saving medical procedures and trauma care have all contributed to the decline in the number of vehicle-related fatalities.     National Injury Prevention Plan The work of the Australian Government’s National Injury Prevention Program is guided by three national plans: The National Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Plan: 2004 – 2014, the National Falls Prevention for Older People Plan: 2004 Onwards and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Safety Promotion Strategy. Injury prevention and control is one of the Australian Government’s seven national health priority areas. Injury remains one of the largest causes of death in Australian population. The initiatives are funded by the Australian Government to reduce the incidence and severity of injuries: The National Injury Prevention Program, which include projects for preventing childhood poisoning by pharmaceutical products, playground safety training, national injury data collection, child safety on farms, reducing injury associated with alcohol consumption, water safety and improved coronial data. (Cited from, , 2007) The National Falls Prevention for Older People Initiative, which includes projects for reducing the harm from falls in people aged 65 and over, studies into costs of fall related injury in older people, workforce training for community based medical professionals and the welfare workforce, falls prevention in residential aged care facilities and hospitals and research into falls risk factors and interventions.                 Source of Diagram:           Management of injuries resulting from falls in older people is one of the major contributors to the injury burden. No other injury cause, including road trauma, costs the health system more than falls. It is projected that, by 2051, there will be a threefold increase in total health costs attributable to falls related injury, totaling ,375 million per annum translates into 886,000 additional hospital bed days per annum and an additional 3,320 nursing home places (Cited from, , 2007; , 2003 ). C. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Much of the burden caused by cardiovascular disease is preventable. In the 2001 National Health Survey, nine in ten Australians aged 18 years and reported having at least one of the following risk factors: (Cited from, , 2007)     -          tobacco smoking -          excessive alcohol consumption -          high blood pressure -          overweight -          diabetes     Cardiovascular disease accounts for the largest proportion of Australian health system costs, comprising 11 percent of total allocated health expenditure in 2000-01. This excludes the cost of kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease is marked by long term irreversible loss of kidney function. It contributes significantly to mortality and disability in Australia. The disease can affect all of the body’s organ systems but common problems include fluid retention, high blood pressure, anaemia and loss of appetite. Statistics showing the impact of heart, stroke, vascular and kidney diseases on Australians in 2001, 3.7 million Australians 19 percent were affected by heart, stroke and vascular diseases. (Cited from, , 2007) The cardiovascular health of Australians has improved with substantial and continuing falls in death rates, reduction in the levels of certain risk factors and major advances in treatment and care. Yet these diseases remain the leading cause of death and a significant cause of disability in Australia. Australia has made significant progress in decreasing the death rate for heart, stroke and vascular disease. (Cited from, , 2007)         Rationale of the Health Concerns The building of health promotion policy that combine approaches for cancer control as well as avoiding cardio diseases and the prevention of injuries as ample legislation and measures is needed for the change. There is the need for health policy to require adoption of healthy public policies for cancer awareness, the value of understanding injuries and chronic diseases with support of health sectors and developing ways to eradicate such health issues. The creation of detailed support environment as crucial for continuous drive and motivation of HP for the health concerns mentioned and should be addressed in appropriate health promotion strategies catering to the health needs of the Australian community. For the health concerns, the need to utilize community development about the human and material resources to enhance social support and to develop flexible systems for strengthening public participation of access to information and learning.  Develop personal skills as it enable people who can be victims of such disease, to learn to prepare themselves for all of its stages and to cope with chronic illness and injuries is essential. Reorientation of health services in lieu to guiding principle should be that women and men should become equal partners in each phase of planning, implementation and evaluation of health promotion activities along with basis of strategies based on the Ottawa Charter of 1986 regarding health promotion.   Identifying goals and strategies and health promotion programs   The need for HP advocacies to be successful and effective for cancer institutions and the advocacy through campaigns and health drives for injury reduction cases and avoiding cardio diseases by being a true advocate will strengthen the purpose of health programs and make every condition idealistic through proper sanctions of health advocacy. The enabling needs to be tough for the cancer patients, injury victims through road accidents as well as the presence of chronic illness and the ensuring of equal opportunities and resources in enabling people to achieve health potential through supportive environment, life skills and opportunities and make wise choices and be equal to women and men.  The ample demand in coordinated action by health concerns as for health promotion to succeed,the priority health goals and targets will need to provide mandate for increasing base as to whichaction is promoted(., 1997 ). The creative use of communication technologies as necessary to ensure that there is powerful advocacy to securecontinued action to promote, protect and maintainthe health Australian population.           The health promotion programs that determined such health concerns within the Australian population can be the utilization of such HP programs that helps alleviate cases of cancer, injuries as well as cardiovascular diseases. There is the Australian Primary Care Collaboratives Program that helps improve clinical health outcomes, reduce lifestyle risk factors, maintain health for chronic and complex conditions and improve access to Australian general practice. The Collaborative Program are drawn from focus on prevention in improved information and management initiatives. The fact that, as part of the 2007/08 Budget, Australian Government announced that the Collaborative Program will be continued and expanded. Learning workshops: participating general practices attended an orientation day and participated in series of learning workshops provided the opportunity to consider how to improve care and practice systems, and access to ideas and experiences from fellow practices. In 1994, The Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council established working group to select initial focus areas for national agreement and action to establish working groups for each focus area health concerns are focused such as: -          cardiovascular health -          mental health -          cancer control -          injury prevention and control       The report, ‘’Better Health Outcomes for Australians: National Goals, Targets and Strategies for Better Health Outcomes into the Next Century’’ then, draw findings of working groups providing goals and targets for improving health outcomes for such concerns. There is focus on social capital support balance of strategies that address behavior and those that focus on settings in which people live, work and play. The implication for health promotion is, emphasis is needed on efforts to strengthen the mechanisms by which people interact and take action to promote health. The service providers can enhance social capital in community by supporting community projects to achieve beneficial goal to encourage the community to participate in activities. The social groups and health personnel have responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for pursuance of health. Health promotion strategies and programs should be adapted to the local needs and possibilities of individual countries and regions to take into account differing social, cultural and economic systems. Health promotion puts health on the agenda of policy-makers in sectors in levels, directing them to be aware of health consequences of decisions and to accept responsibilities for health. Health promotion policy combines diverse but complementary approaches including legislation and organization change.           Aside, health promotion work in concrete and effective community action setting priorities as well as making decisions, planning strategies and implementation to have better health enhance support and develop flexible systems for strengthening public participation and direction of health matters. Health promotion supports personal and social development through providing information, education for health and enhancing life skills increases the options available to people to exercise control over health and environments and to make choices conducive to health. Enabling people to learn through life prepare them for its stages as well as to cope with illness and injuries as crucial. Moreover, action is required as responsibility for health promotion in health services is shared among individuals, community groups, health service institution and government, must work together towards health care system which contributes to good health. The health services need to embrace expanded mandate sensitive to culture needs. The reorienting of health services then requires strong attention to health changes in professional education and training leading to change of attitude in health services focus on total needs of individual as whole being. Australia have history of action in health promotion and disease prevention over the past 25 years with factor in improving health of the Australian population as most Australians enjoy much better health and have the lowest mortality rates in OECD and Australia is ranked fourth on quality of life indicators by WHO.       References     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Has health promotion improved the Health of Australians?

Overview of Health promotion and health improvement programs Health promotion is with intention of really maintaining as well as p...

Thesis Chapter 1-3

MEDICAL MYTHS AND QUACK PRACTICES AT BARANGAY MALAININ, SAN ROQUE, NAIC, CAVITE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON THE HEALTH CARE PROCESS           A Thesis         In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing           October 2007 Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background   Introduction             Complementary and alternative medicines, including medical myths and quack practices fundamentally rooted on the medical systems and techniques of ancient people such as Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, Asian Indians ad Native Americans.   Contemporary biomedical research has tended to be skeptical and sometimes contemptuous of these alternative, non-allopathic methods of medical practices. Yet medical myths and quack practices has historically contributed for many people’s sense of health and well-being over the centuries and still does in many countries, most notably, Philippines. The Philippines is one of the many Asian countries with many beliefs, cultural practices, and traditions. Part of the beliefs is the existence of medicinal myths and quack practices. According to (2000) medical myths and quack practices in medicines are considered as familiar objects in the nation. Specifically, the Philippine comprises different communities which have different medical myths and quack practices.             Primarily, the main goal of this research is to identify various medical myths and quack practices in one of the community or barangay in Cavite, specifically the study will be conducted in Barangay Malainin, San Roque, Naic Cavite. Furthermore, the study will also determine the influence of medical myths and quack practices in the health care process. It is possible both to keep an open mind about “traditional” medicinal belief and quack practices while at the same time taking care scientifically to evaluate its efficacy. In many countries somewhere 30% to 40% of people turn to believe in medical myths and quack practices. This fact says something important about a lack of faith in now-established scientific medicine—as well as an eagerness to find more satisfying modes of treatment and care than are provided by mainline Western models of health care. It signals a need to attend to what alternative medicine offers patients. A focus on the mind-body relationship, elusive yet central to human nature, is appropriately a research subject for both scientific medicine and medical myths and quack practices (1999).             With time constraints dictated by managed care initiatives, client demands, and movement toward brief therapy, growing number individuals seek the help of people who perform quack practices or aid their sickness through medical myths. The medical practices today typically denotes a technique regarded by Western medicine as scientifically tenuous or used as an adjunct to more orthodox medical methods (1997). Much of the philosophy behind this scientific medical practicesis drawn from Ayurvedic or Eastern Indian medicine, curandismo or cuentas, Native American Shamanism, and Far Eastern philosophies (1998). The shared link among these medical modalities is the holistic approach to physical and mental wellness: that mind, body, and spirit are interconnected and wellness depends on equilibrium between these three components ( 1997).             According to some studies, medical myths and quack practices is a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical perspective. Medical myths and quack practices include all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health and well-being. The main context of medical myths and quack practices is to relieve pain, postpone death, and make money. Most people will do everything to prolong the life of their loved ones or to relieve the suffering of disease. With this goal in mind, some will try to do almost anything in order to exploit such desire by selling what practitioners claim as life prolonging nostrums and pain-killing remedies.             The provision of sufficient healthcare is an important aspect of human life not only in the prevention and treatment of diseases but also in the maintenance of good health. Among developing countries, certain facilities and institutions are built in order to deliver health care services; this is the primary effort of nations belonging to the third world category so as to access various healthcare services. However, the healthcare aspect has long been vulnerable to the issue of inequality. People subjected to poverty tend to suffer higher instance of mortality and morbidity as compared to those living affluently, particularly in developed countries (2001). With this inequality, those poor individuals may choose not to seek medical care from healthcare providers and prefers to believe in some medical myths and quack practices in their town. With the economy of the Philippines, many families are poor; thus, the thought of going to a hospital will be costly and expensive. On one hand, not all people seeking the help of quack doctors and believing in medical myth are not poor, there are those people who have lose their faith in medical practices from expensive hospitals, thus seeking the help of quack doctors with the hope that the ill-person will be free form the disease or sickness.             As mentioned, medical myths and quack practices are prevalence in many communities or barangay in the Philippines. However, fewer studies have been made to evaluate these medical practices. With this, the researcher chose this topic to help the country in analysing the value of medical myths and quack practices and the factors that drives people to seek the help of this kind of medical practitioners. This research study tends to provide a critical analysis regarding the influenced and effects of medical myths and quack practices in the health care process within the chosen community.   Theoretical and Conceptual Framework             The researcher theorises that medical myths and quack practices affect health care process in barangay Malainin. It is said that if we conceptualise that the provision of health care among the people in the barangay is being affected by their belief in medical myths and quack practice. The experience of illness and healing is shaped by cultural, social, political, and moral components. As the 21st century approaches, several social trends have coalesced that enhance the popularity of  medical myths and quack practices, in spite of (and to some degree, because of) its rejection by mainstream science.  Today’s resurgence of medical myths and quack practices be traced, in part, to nostalgic holdovers from the neo-romantic search for simplicity and spirituality that permeated the “counterculture” that attracted so many youthful converts during the 1960’s and’70’s.  Medical myths and quack practices also resonates with that era’s mix of iconoclasm, reliance on feeling over reason, mistrust of science, and promotion of consumer advocacy.               The investigation used the concept ‘community participation’ to underpin it, as the activities undertaken by the communities in organising their general practices can be described as community participation. This is describe as a process involving a range of activities undertaken either collectively or individually by local people to address a health problem or issue like medical myths and quack practices. The concept includes actions community members take not only in health care provision but also in developing health services. The body of work includes theory and concepts about the approaches to community participation generally and in health development specifically. Many of the approaches to health promotion and primary health care have community participation as a core element. The conceptual framework used to underpin this investigation includes theory and concepts from community sociology, community development, and rural development. This enables a fuller understanding of the communities that participated and the reasons for their participation, and provides the basis for suggesting ways to strengthen participation. To understand ‘community’ social field theory ( 1959; 1970) and community interaction theory ( 1991) was used. The Interactional perspective identifies three elements that are fundamental in defining and understanding a community. These elements are a locality, a local society, and a process of locality-orientated collective actions (1991). The first element a ‘locality’, or ‘community of place’, or a local ecology, is used to describe a commonly understood geographic area in which people interact. The second element a ‘local society’ is a comprehensive network of associations for meeting common needs and expressing common interests. The third element, and the most important according to this theoretical perspective, is the social interactions that occur in the locality (1998). The term ‘community field’ describes locality-oriented collective actions bringing people together across the community to find common ground,  express common concerns, or to develop solutions to community issues, in this case, medical myths and quack practices.   Statement of the Problem The study aims to determine the medical myths and quack practices in Barangay Malainin, San Roque, Naic Cavite and their implication on the health care process within the barangay. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems.       To determine the specific medical myths and quack practices exercise in the barangay;       To determine the factors that pushes people to believe in medical myths and seek the help of quack doctors for their illness;       To determine how medical myths and quack practices affects health care process in the community; and       To provide pertinent conclusion and recommendation that adheres to the objective of the study.   Hypothesis of the Study             This study will work on the following hypothesis:             “There is no significant difference among the perception of the respondents when they are grouped according to profile.”   Significance of the Study Research is the best way to find solutions to medical issues and problems and to set standards for medical practice. The issues that have been observed in the belief of medical myths and quack practices in different communities in the Philippines led the researcher to conceptualize a study that will answer the curiosity in identifying how these contexts affects health care process. The results of this study will therefore, benefit the following sectors; Residents- Additional knowledge will be gained when they are presented with information about the fallacies and misconceptions about medical myths and quack practices. Medical Education- Medical schools will be able to incorporate results of this study into their medical practice curriculum to inform future health care providers to understand how medical myths and quack practices affects or implicates healthcare process. Community- the community will be benefited in a way that they will be informed about the disadvantages of believing in medical myths. In addition, the community may gain knowledge about the importance of seeking the help of medical practitioners than quack doctors. Nurses- Nurses will be benefited in a way that they will be able to understand how medical myths and quack practices misjudgement can implicate the provision of healthcare process in there areas of responsibilities.   Scope and Limitation As mentioned, the main objective of this study is to determine the implication of medical myths and quack practices in health care process in Barangay Malainin, San Roque, Naic Cavite.     The discussion of this research will mainly focus on determination of medical myths and quack practices in the said barangay and how this affects the provision of health care process in the community. The information that will be gathered for this study will be derived mainly from the secondary sources from journals and articles about medical myths and quack practices and also about standard health care process. The primary data on the other hand will be derived from the interview and survey questionnaire prepared by the researchers, and distributed to the selected sample.             Time will be the greatest limitation to this research, which may hinder long-term outcome objectives. Environmental factors, such as socioeconomic factors, are beyond the control of the researcher and can create many variables within the research. As this study will be utilizing a small sample of participants, the results may not effectively represent the general population.   Definition of Operational terms The following are the definition of some operational terms: Nurse:  Registered professionals who provide holistic care and assistance to patients. Healthcare Provider:   registered professional who devote themselves in providing healthcare services to patients. Quackery- is a derogatory term used to describe questionable medical practices.   Quack- considered a “fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill” or “a person who pretends, professionally or publicly, to have skill, knowledge, or qualifications he or she does not possess Medical Myth- A medical myth is defined as a false or distorted belief regarding issues of health within a family or a community.   Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies               The study aims on identifying the medical myths and quack practices in the chosen barangay and to know its implications with health care process. In this regard, it is necessary to study related literatures which tackle medical myths and quack practice and health care process both from the foreign and local settings. This part of the research will provide insightful details about healthcare process, the context of medical myths and quack practices in the Philippines and other countries and its implications to health care process.     Foreign Studies Health care process as a discipline is concentrated on the provision of assistance to individuals, families and communities in order to obtain, recover and maintain optimal health status and normal body functioning. Contemporary definitions of medical profession as a science and art, which is concentrated on quality life as understood by people and families. Thus, health care process is not solely focused on health recovery and care but also with the provision of quality living as well.  Health care is the process of caring for, or nurturing, for an individual known as the patient. More specifically, health care process refers to the functions and duties carried out by persons who have had formal education and training in the art and science of health care. To promote the restoration and maintenance of health in their clients, healthcare practitioners became more particular in enhancing their knowledge through integrating with health and biological sciences (1993). The provision of holistic care for other people as well as the utilization of various complementary healing modalities is the foundation of the health care process. Health care practitioners recognize that the responsibilities and obligations of nurses is an essential part of the healthcare community. The authority for health care practice is fundamentally based upon a social contract and agreement that described and explains the professional rights as well as mechanisms for public accountability. Health organization refers to health care process as the diagnosis and treatment of human reactions and responses to potential or actual health problems and dilemmas. Just like medical diagnoses that aim in helping in planning, execution or implementation and assessment of medical care, the role of the health care practitioner is to provide help in the planning, implementation and evaluation of healthcare (1997). There are certain factors in which health care practice are being influenced or affected. These include the notion of alternative therapies. Alternative medicine is often defined by the modalities that it encompasses. Additionally it may be seen as denoting a group of theories that share certain central philosophical tenets that fall broadly into the category of holism. However it is delineated, complementary, and alternative medicines is a broad and inclusive church. Indeed, alternative medicine is such a diverse field that even naming it presents challenges. Alternative medicines, including medical myths and quack practices is now known as a collection of different therapies and healing approaches which believe in the energy of the body and the idea of a harmony and synchronization between the mind, body and spirit. Nowadays, people think that these therapies are an “unorthodox” alongside of the clinically proven, tested and evidenced-based orthodox medicine, but in most part of the world, these complementary and alternative medicines has continue to become the dominant form of medical practice (2003).   Local Studies In the Philippines, the conventional medicines and Western curative methods herbal medicines as part of health related practices had been widely used. The curative effects of these traditional medicines were tested by traditional healers who practices quackery on their patient on try-and-error basis. The skills and knowledge on the curative application of any quack practices and medical myths in the country has been handed down fro generation to generation. Aside from prescribing herbs as curative medicines (2007), the conventional healers were known to give moral support and psychological comfort to their patients. The medical myths and quack practices in the county were well respected and enjoy high social status among the Filipinos. Through generations of selective process, the medical myths and quack practices that were known to be effective and efficient in curing diseases were kept alive. However, the ineffective one was soon forgotten. When Western medical practice, specifically drugs just started to be used in the Philippines, the Filipinos find these as too expensive but also too scarce. Hence, the rural folks and as well as the poor people continued to rely on medical myths and quack practices including herbal medicines which are affordable, abundance, locally available. The western-style medical care has reached a very restricted Filipinos, mostly in urban cities. Medical myths and quack practices have become legacy of the history of a certain community and the number of users is fast dwindling. Public and private Hospitals that have sprouted up in the rural areas, provinces and later in the barangays have in no small part contributed to the dying art of traditional healing for some regions. Despite the Public Health Ministry’s dynamic campaigns to make available medical services in these regions, the services are still considered far’ from adequate and sufficient today. It is uncertain if the modern medical services will ever be sufficient given the limited resources and trained man-power of the Philippine health organization. The provision of expanding medical services throughout the Philippines has been doggedly followed for several years to the manner that authorities began questioning the necessity of some barangay hospitals considered too close to larger provincial facilities. Those people who are unable to obtain medical services from government hospitals resort to quack practices and drugs without prescriptions or proper advice. The health issue have been compounded as an outcome of the misguided consumption of modern and western drugs.     Foreign Studies             The health belief system about ailments and illnesses are conceptualised as being myth-like in lieu of explaining the cure and etiology for many human diseases. There are many studies which examined the role played by medical myths and quack practices, alternative medicines and the likes. In one study, they have found that health belief approaches are organised in three orthogonal aspects. These include salves for maladies, scientific explanations of disease, and sorcery-based explanations of illness. These studies have used gender, ethnicity, and other sociodemographic variables as predictors of acceptance for explaining the cause of diseases, advocating steps to cure ailments, and/or simply treating illness as some sort of spiritual intervention. In these studies, analyses of the probable acceptance of scientific evidence refuting folk wisdom are also examined. According to a conducted nationwide study (1993), in 1990 there is an approximately one third of the adult population of the United States of America who used at least one unconventional medical approach to treat illness. As noted in the study, extrapolating the per visit costs solely of supervised health care, the annual expense is likely to approach billion a year in this country. Approximately one in four individuals who sees a medical doctor for a serious illness may be using one of quack practice and believes in medical myth: yet over 70% of those individuals do not tell their medical doctor–a statistic that should alarm health care professionals including practicing pharmacists and allopathic physicians. The research concluded that medical myths, quack practices affect the health and economy of this country. An extensive medical anthropology documents has created a rich ethnographic map of culture-specific, conventional health beliefs and practices (1991). Beginning with Rivers “Medicine, Magic, and Religion” (1927) to more recent documents, articles, books, and essays found in the volumes of Medical Anthropology and Social Science and Medicine, research scholars provide fascinating insights into different health-related belief contexts ( 1990;1992). For instance,  (1989) investigated professional and popular/traditional medical cultures, myths with Latin Americans. (1989) studied Asian refugees resettled in the United States to identify adaptation to Western medical practices. (1987) provided a review of literature of Spanish-American folk medical myths and theory as practiced in the Greater Southwest, an area they defined as northwest Mexico and southwest United States. Medical myths and quack practices are perhaps most recognized by their lack of acceptance by conventional Western medical practice. Because of this, most of the healthcare providers do not typically recommend or impose the use of these medicines (2004). Since only few of the healthcare providers are accepting the conventional medical practice, the occurrence of empirical studies are very minimal; hence, s mall number of data exist in line medical myths and quack practices (2000). However, even though medical myths and quack practices are lacking of acceptance and testing by professional healthcare providers, more patients are buying and spending more on utilizing medical myths and quack practices that ever before. In the study made by Eisenberg and his colleagues in 1998, the research discovered that 42% of American adults used complementary and alternative therapies, which reflects an increase from 34 % of adults in 1993 ( 1998). Medical myths and quack practices are terms often used synonymously. Technically, alternative medical therapies imply the use of treatments in place of mainstream medicine (2000) while complementary medical therapies imply the use of treatments that are used along with more conventional medical approaches. Both of these groups represent a large range of therapies outside the arena of conventional Western medicine. Because a universally agreed upon classification of the various therapies as either alternative or complementary medicine does not exist, both terms will be used in this article to describe this collection of medical therapies. In 1997, 42 percent of the American adult population made 629 million visits to alternative health care practitioners and spent billion out-of-pocket for these services (1998). It has been estimated that in the year 2000, Americans will spend billion on complementary and alternative medical therapies (2000). This represents over a 47% increase since 1990 in total visits to alternative medical practitioners (Eisenberg et al, 1993). This increasing demand for and purchase of alternative and complementary medical therapies by health care consumers has been fuelled, in part, by support from some in conventional medicine. For example, a 1994 survey of physicians found that more than 60% of the physicians surveyed recommended alternative therapies to their patients and 23% reported incorporating these therapies into their own practices (Borkan et al, 1994). Contrary to common opinion in the health care arena, the majority of alternative medicine users do so not because they are dissatisfied with conventional medicine, medical myths, and quack practices but mainly because these therapies fit their own values and philosophies regarding health and life ( 1998). Patients choose medical myths and quack practices based on their abilities to judge the credibility of information presented by the mass media. The public seldom conducts literature searches of medical journals. The mass media, family, and friends provide patients with lay information from television talk shows, local newspapers, magazines, television, and by word of mouth testimonials regarding these therapies (1998). Often patients are desperate to improve their health and/or quality of life, accuracy of clinical information often takes a backseat to the quest for improved health. As the public increases its use of medical myths and quack practices, it becomes necessary for accurate sources of information on these topics to be readily available to the public. One of the largest groups of health professionals that are in regular contact with the public are nurses, and it seems logical to have nurses take a significant role in assisting patients in making informed decisions regarding alternative and complementary medical therapies. To do so, nurses will need to become well informed regarding the efficacy and safety of alternative and complementary medical therapies. As the evidence increases, so should the awareness and recommended use among traditional health care providers, including nurses. A comprehensive review of the nursing literature found few articles specifically exploring nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and use of medical myths and quack practices (1998; 1999; 2000).  All of the studies consisted of small local samples [less than 100 nurses], and surveyed specialty areas such as oncology ( 1998; 1999) or certified nurse-midwives (2000). In the study made by  (2001) entitled “Nurses’ Perception of Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies”, using a random sample of 1000 nurses from American Nurses Association  (ANA) they have found out that the vast majority (79%) of nurses perceived their professional preparation in the area of medical myths and quack practices to be fair and poor.  In addition, the study found out that 1 in 4 nurses obtained their information on complementary and alternative therapies from their coursework.  Recently, nurses have recommended the inclusion of medical myths and quack practices in the baccalaureate curriculum for nursing preparation ( 2001).  Perceived effectiveness of these therapies varied from a high of 51% for biofeedback, chiropractic care, and meditation/relaxation, to a low of 5 percent for macrobiotic diets and 7% for body cleansing diets. It appears as though the nurses who responded were more likely to believe in more familiar and possibly more traditional alternative and complementary medical therapies (e.g., biofeedback and chiropractic care). This may be due to the lack of formal training in this area and as such, the respondents were likely to be more aware of widely used therapies such as biofeedback and chiropractic care ( 2001).  In this study also, the nurses believed that therapies that were external (e.g., chiropractic care, acupressure, healing touch, etc.) as safest. In regards to use of medical myths and quack practices, the majority of nurses did not personally use any of the therapies. Almost one-third of the respondents used three therapies. These same three therapies (multivitamins, massage, and meditation/relaxation) were also among the therapies most often recommended to others (2001). It can be said that nursing and health care practice can use holistic nursing therapies which can be determines as complementary in nature. Study shows that medical myths and quack practices therapies can be considered as one of the best intervention inline with health care practice and do not exist to replace the traditional medical or nursing therapies. In this manner, when the complementary and alternative medical therapies are being offered, there are needs and demands that should be considered and this include the positive and negative consequences that may be faced from all the appropriate therapeutic choices available for the patients.  Herein, nurses can facilitate the combination of complementary, alternative, and traditional therapies for an effective and efficient patient health plan (1998).   Synthesis             This review of related literature and studies discussed different studies made about the medical myths and quack practices in both foreign and local settings. In the given studies it can be noted that the medical myths and practices are not only prevalence in the Philippines but also in other regions in the World. The literature also gave us some important details on how the provision of health care process in different areas was being affected by the medical myths and quack practices in their area. It also indicates some important issues on how medical myths and quack practices are being used in the Philippines and the factors that pushes the people to believe in medical myths and quack practices. Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology               The study aims on identifying the medical myths and quack practices and its implications to health care process. Referring to the aim and objectives set for the dissertation, the author will now demonstrate the methodology of the means of obtaining data for analysis and coming to the conclusion to meet the aim and objectives. Though it does show ethnic concerns to those out there, survey-questionnaires will be tied with the primary data research collection of this study and the secondary research will be supported through the use of the research of other scholars as mentioned in the literature review.   Research Design This study uses the descriptive approach.  This descriptive type of research will utilize observations in the study.  To illustrate the descriptive type of research,  (1994) will guide the researcher when he stated: “Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition.  The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena.” The research described in this document is based on qualitative and quantitative method. The qualitative method permits a flexible and iterative approach, while the quantitative research method permits specification of dependent and independent variables and allows for longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of the research subject. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues and questions as they arise, and allows the investigators to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan.   Locale of the Study             Barangay Malainin is one of the barangays in San Roque, Naic Cavite which has a total population of approximately 815 families or 5000 individuals as of 2005. The barangay has a clinic near the municipal hall and there is also a public hospital in the town of Naic. The member of each family in the barangay ranges from 4-8 individuals including the parents and their children.   Respondents of the Study To ensure that only pertinent data will be gathered, the researcher opted to have respondents in Barangay Malainin, San Roque Naic Cavite. These participants must be 20 years old and above. 100 residents will be used in determining the influence of medical myths and quack practices in health care process in the barangay.   Research Instrument The researchers design a questionnaire for the survey. The primary aim of the questionnaire is to determine the impact of medical myths and quack practices in health care process in Barangay Malainin. This research uses a mixture of closed questions and more open comments in the questionnaire.  A closed question is one that has pre-coded answers.  The simplest is the dichotomous question to which the respondent must answer yes or no. Through closed questions, the researcher will be able to limit responses that are within the scope of this study. For example, the researcher intends to ask the respondents what they think of medical myths and quack practices in general. Using a multiple choice method, the answer of the respondents would be within one of the limited expected answers of the researcher. Thus the researcher design a closed question type to remain focused on the statement of the problem and on the main purpose of the study.  However, the researcher nevertheless extends the closed questions with the comments option to be able to gather qualitative data for this study. In addition, closed questions were used in the survey because the answers are easy to analyse and are straightforward as target respondents are mostly busy that they do not have enough time to give attention to open questions.  Closed response questions save the respondent having to think of possible replies.             Two sets of questionnaire will be used in this study. The first set is a survey-questionnaire that used to gather data from 50 respondents in barangay Malainin and the other questionnaire was used to know the perception of barangay healthcare officials in the area. Each of the questionnaires consists only ten questions in order to make sure that the respondents answer all the given questions.   Data Gathering Procedure             The researchers collected the data from residents of Barangay Malainin, San Roque, Naic Cavite. Both the inclusion and exclusion criteria for respondent’s selection were adopted from the source. As mentioned, residents age 20 and above will be included in the study. In addition, 10 barangay health care providers will be chosen to get their perception about medical myths and quack practices. The questionnaire-survey will collect data on the respondents’ demographic profile first to check that the sample is appropriately stratified and representative and second to provide further information about the sample for analysis purposes. The researcher opted to use the questionnaire as a tool since it is easy to construct having the rules and principles of construction which are easy to follow. Moreover, copies of the questionnaire could reach a considerable number of respondents either by mail or by personal distribution. Generally, responses to a questionnaire are objectified and standardised and these make tabulation easy. But more importantly, the respondents’ replies are of their own free will because there is no interviewer to influence them. This is one way to avoid biases, particularly the interviewers’ bias. The researcher will also use graph and charts for data presentation.   Statistical Tools             Residents of Barangay Malainin and barangay health care providers who passed the entire inclusion and exclusion criterion were politely asked to answer the survey-questionnaire after giving their permission.             After all the data from the researcher-made questionnaire were collected, the following statistical formulae were used:   1.     Percentage – to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire.             n % = ——– x 100        ;           n – number of responses             N                                 N – total number of respondents 2.     Weighted Mean             f1x1 + f2x2  + f3x3 + f4x4  + f5x5 x= ———————————————  ;                         xt where:            f – weight given to each response                         x – number of responses                         xt – total number of responses 3. Chi-Square             The researchers used the Chi-Square to test the hypothesis of the research. A chi-square test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a chi-square distribution when the null hypothesis is true, or any in which the probability distribution of the test statistic (assuming the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-square distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough. Specifically, a chi-square test for independence evaluates statistically significant differences between proportions for two or more groups in a data set. The researcher is assisted by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in coming up with the statistical analysis for this study. SPSS is one of the most widely available and powerful statistical software packages that covers a broad range of statistical procedures, which allows a researcher to summarize data (e.g., compute means and standard deviations), determine whether there are significant differences between groups (e.g., t-tests, ANOVA), examine relationships among variables (e.g., correlation, multiple regression), and graph results (e.g., bar charts, line graphs) ( 2003).   Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data               This study aims on identifying the medical myths and quack practices in Barangay Malainin and its implications on the provision of health care process in the community. This chapter discusses the results of the survey questionnaires given to the 100 chosen respondents. Prior to the initiation of the survey process, the purpose, the importance, and objectives of the study were relayed to the chosen respondents. They were also assured that all the information they had provided are solely for the purpose of the study while their identities would remain confidential. All questions asked in the survey questionnaire pertain only to the respondents’ insights on the regarding identification of medical myths and quack practices in the barangay. For a clearer presentation, the findings of the survey are presented in graphs and tables. To give an appropriate flow of discussion, findings are also divided into sections. Section one gives a summary of the demographic profile of the participants used in the study. This profile was categorised according to the respondents’ age, gender, educational background, and place of residence. The discussion of the perception of the chosen residents in Barangay who took part in the study about identification of the medical myths and quack practices and its implication to health care process will be discussed in the next section. The third section will discuss the view the result of the chi-square method to test the null hypothesis.   Part 1 Demographic Profile of the respondents This part will discuss the demographic profile of 100 individuals who answered the survey questionnaire sent by the research. The description of the respondents includes their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, occupation, and monthly income.   Age of the respondents Table 1 Age in Years Frequency Below 20 0 20-25 15 26-30 27 31-35 13 36-40 10 41 above 35 Total 100   \                       Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations         Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Thesis Chapter 1-3

MEDICAL MYTHS AND QUACK PRACTICES AT BARANGAY MALAININ, SAN ROQUE, NAIC, CAVITE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON THE HEALTH CARE PROCESS ...