Research Topics: Decision Matrix Example

Decision Matrix Example

Decision Matrix Example:      A decision matrix is a tool whereby options (solutions) are measured against predetermined criteria.  It is simply a table where the columns are the criteria and the rows are the options.  For example, the decision matrix below shows that we have 4 potential options to resolve our problem and we want to measure them against 4 different criteria.     Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Criteria 4 Total   Weight Weight Weight Weight   Option 1           Option 2           Option 3           Option 4               AL480 Seminar in Health Care Paper Evaluation and Grading Tool   Description of Facility:  (___ /10)                                          Develop Problem Statement:  (___ /20)   Problem Classification:  (____/10)             _____/5           Categorize the problem _____/5 Can it be broken into smaller pieces? Identify Critical Factors:  (_____/20) _____/5 Who are the stakeholders? _____/5 What risks are involved? _____/5 What are the corporate culture / politics? _____/5 What assumptions need to be made? Data Collection:  (_____/15) _____/10           What types of data would be collected? _____/5 Who is going to collect the data? Decision Making:  (_____/195) _____/5 What type of decision-making is going to be used? _____/20           What are the criteria for selecting the best solution? _____/20           Description of the alternative solutions _____/100         What are the implications for each alternative solution?                                     Quality of Care (up to 5 pts for each of the 4 solutions)                                     Organizational Policy (up to 5 pts for each of the 4 solutions)                                     Management (up to 5 pts for each of the 4 solutions)                                     Finance (up to 5 pts for each of the 4 solutions)                                     Information Systems (up to 5 pts for each of the 4 solutions) _____/20           Create a Decision Matrix _____/30           Select best solution and explain why this solution was chosen                                     Use the Decision Matrix to explain your selection   Implementation:  (_____/20) _____/20         Develop an Implementation Plan Evaluate and Provide Feedback:  (_____/20) _____/10           How is monitoring going to take place? _____/10           Can changes be made later?   Paper Requirements:  (_____/22 )                                        _____/ 5          Cover Page complete _____/5           Used appropriate headers within the paper        _____/5           Use of sufficient references _____/5           Submitted as a Word of rich text format _____/2           Used correct font and line spacing       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Decision Matrix Example

Decision Matrix Example: A decision matrix is a tool whereby options (solutions) are measured against predetermined criteria. It is...

The Topmost Decision-making Body of the World Trade Organization

Introduction:             This paper aims to determine the various contexts within the World Trade Organization (WTO) as an organization specifically regarding its legal structure, the respected committees involved in its activities and together with their functions as committees. Furthermore, the paper wishes to distinguish the financial matters of the organization, how the organization finances are distributed, where these come from and identify the major shareholders of the company if any. Moreover, the paper aims to discuss the performance background of the WTO by conducting a SWOT analysis and reviewing its current performance by comparing available data with those gathered from the previous years.   Brief History:               In January 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) became the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Seven years of intensive negotiations in the Uruguay Round gave birth to an organization with vastly expanded responsibilities for international economic affairs. The WTO is undeniably a major player in the field of global governance, and its rules and processes will profoundly affect the future economic and political orientation of its 139 member countries as well as of the 30 countries in the process of joining.   By many objective criteria the WTO—and the GATT before it— have been remarkably successful at doing what they were mandated to do: liberalize trade and conduct international trade according to multilaterally agreed rules. Nevertheless, questions of a very fundamental nature are being raised about the role of the WTO in international affairs by a wide spectrum of interest groups. The manner in which these questions are addressed in the coming months and years will determine the role of the WTO in global governance/   WTO Backgrounder:   The WTO is composed of about nearly 150 member/countries, which accounts for over the 97% of the world trade. Essentially, the WTO serves as a venue for member/countries governments to face and try to resolve out the business difficulties they are having. In the core of this all, the WTO exists because of the WTO agreements which have been reviewed, negotiated and promulgated by its members.   But the WTO does not only promote and liberalize trade, in some occasions it supports on maintaining and forcing trade barriers. This usually happens when trade becomes a threat to the members such ways as the spread of a disease. The WTO deals with trade matters in a global and non-global level. WTO is seen as an advocate body liberalizing trade but also serves as a forum for members to handle matter and resolve disputes and more specifically it does all these on a system of trade rules.   Fundamentally, the WTO serves as a place for members to resolve problems and finalize trade appointments. The first step for this is for the members to open up and talk with each other. Considering this, the WTO was born out of negotiations itself and everything else which the WTO does is made of negotiations themselves. The bulk of this work is taken from the 1986-94 negotiations which was also called as the Uruguay Round. This was under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade better known as GATT. Concurrently, the WTO now us the host for all these negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda which was launched last 2001.   Legal Structure:   The top level decision making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference which meets at least once in every 2 years. The entire membership constitutes the decisions which are most often times by consensus. While a majority vote is also plausible, this has never been used in the WTO and only happened in rare cases while under the GATT. The General Council also acts as the Trade Policy Review Body and the Dispute Settlement Body. The Goods Council, Services Council and Intellectual Property (TRIPS) council reports to the General Council. A number of specialized committees also exist. These committees work out with groups and parties to make out agreements and a range of other areas such as the environment, development while also handling membership applications together with regional trade agreements. All of these members can take part in all meetings and assemblies excluding the Appellate, dispute settlements and plurilateral committees.   Highest level: Ministerial Conference   The topmost decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which has to meet at least every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions. The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements.   Second level: General Council The daily work of the ministerial conference is handled by three groups The General Council, The Dispute Settlement Body and The Trade Policy.   Review Body. 1. The General Council- is the WTO’s highest-level decision-making body in Geneva, meeting regularly to carry out the functions of the WTO. It has representatives (usually ambassadors or equivalent) from all member governments and has the authority to act on behalf of the ministerial conference which only meets about every two years. The council acts on behalf of the Ministerial Council on the entire WTO affairs. The current chairman is Amina Chawahir Mohamed (Kenya) (2) The Dispute Settlement Body – Made up of all member governments, usually represented by ambassadors or equivalent. The current chairperson is Eirik Glenne (Norway). (3) The Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) – the WTO General Council meets as the Trade Policy Review Body to undertake trade policy reviews of Members under the TRPM. The TPRB is thus open to all WTO Members. The current chairperson is Don Stephenson (Canada).   Third level: Councils for Trade   The Councils for Trade work under the General Council. There are three councils – Council for Trade in Goods, Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, and Council for Trade in Services – each council works in different fields. Apart from these three councils, six other bodies report to the General Council reporting on issues such as trade and development, the environment, regional trading arrangements and administrative issues.               1. Council for Trade in Goods- The workings of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which covers international trade in goods, are the responsibility of the Council for Trade in Goods. It is made up of representatives from all WTO member countries. The current chairperson is Vesa Tapani Himanen (Finland). (2) Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights- Information on intellectual property in the WTO, news and official records of the activities of the TRIPS Council, and details of the WTO’s work with other international organizations in the field. (3) Council for Trade in Services- The Council for Trade in Services operates under the guidance of the General Council and is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It’s open to all WTO members, and can create subsidiary bodies as required. The current chairperson is Claudia Uribe (Colombia).   Fourth level: Subsidiary Bodies There are subsidiary bodies under each of the three councils. (1). The Goods Council- subsidiary under the Council for Trade in Goods. It has 11 committees consisting of all member countries, dealing with specific subjects such as agriculture, market access, subsidies, anti-dumping measures and so on. Committees include the following:  (a) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) Committee (b) State Trading Enterprises (c) Textiles Monitoring Body – Consists of a chairman and 10 members acting under it. (d) Groups dealing with notifications – process by which governments inform the WTO about new policies and measures in their countries. (2). The Services Council- subsidiary under the Council for Trade in Services which deals with financial services, domestic regulations and other specific commitments. (3). Dispute Settlement panels and Appellate Body- subsidiary under the Dispute Settlement Body to resolve disputes and the Appellate Body to deal with appeals.   Other committees Trade and Environment, Trade and Development (Subcommittee on Least-Developed Countries), Regional Trade Agreements, Balance of Payments Restrictions,  Budget, Finance and Administration, Working parties on          Accession, Working groups on Trade, debt and finance, Trade and technology transfer.   Source of Finance:   The WTO Secretariat stationed in Geneva has approximately 600 faculty members and is led by a director-general with an annual budget of about 160 million Swiss francs. The WTO derives most of the profit for its annual budget from donations through its 148 members. The figures used are established according to a figure based on their share of the international deals.   Contributions by individual members:             The WTO miscellaneous income is generated from rental fees and sales of the WTO publications. They also manage a number of trust funds of which some are offered by members. These fees are used to manage organization activities in technical and training events which are meant to be used by the least developed and concurrently developing countries to take advantage of what the WTO offers for them and in the end promote sizeable benefit for the trading system of the WTO and its members.    The WTO’s total budget for the year 2004 is as follows:     * 2005 Budget for the WTO Secretariat: 164,131,000     * 2005 Budget for the Appellate Body and its Secretariat: 4,572,400     * Total WTO Budget for the year 2005: 168,703,400   Performance: Strengths: The main strength of the WTO as an organization builds on their main objectives of the WTO to promote and liberalize trade, serving as a forum handle matter and resolve disputes and in the end impact every member for their own greater good and prosperity.   Weaknesses: The WTO exposes itself with weaknesses by placing the demands of the corporations of profit over the human and labor rights of individuals. The WTO which encourages a race by placing workers against each other rather than promoting internationally recognized labor standards. This has also complicated processes because the WTO cares not if the products made are produced even through child labor.   Opportunities: The WTO can make their current threats into wonderful opportunities for themselves. Once they try to apply what the other organizations are aspiring to offer, they can in effect manage their problems and slowly by slowly ease up their worries as an organization faced with problems.   Threats: Some of the threats to the WTO are the organizations which has developed their own organization of international economic governance which they deem be the base factor on which they can build political spare which provides a democratic global economy which aspires jobs for everyone, ensures that very individual is not neglected of their rights to food, water, education, and health care, promotes freedom and protection and finally the preservation of the shared environment where we live in for the coming generations to appreciate.   Conclusion:   The fundamental objective of the World Trade Organization is to elevate free trading between member/countries, induce economical development and in the end make the citizen’s lives more comfortable. While there may be some individuals and organization which believe that free trade is not the appropriate way to make people’s lives more prosperous because they think of the WTO as granting only the rich the means and ability to further enrich their selves at the expense of the general poor populace.   In lieu with this fundamental objective, the WTO also seeks to promote economic globalization which most anti-WTO movements and individuals consider questionable to handle. Furthermore, the WTO has been accused of partiality towards Multi National Corporations and other wealthy nations. WTO treaties had also been accused of a partiality and unfair bias toward Multi National Corporations (MNC) and wealthy nations.               Anti-WTO movements counter that small countries in the organization has or even no influence, despite its claim as advocating help for these growing countries, since they say that the influential states focus on their own commercial interests. Furthermore, they say that their claims are unheard and sensed to be ignored. The needs of the developing countries are often perceived to be ignored. In addition, the issues of health, safety and environment are steadfastly not given ample time.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Topmost Decision-making Body of the World Trade Organization

Introduction: This paper aims to determine the various contexts within the World Trade Organization (WTO) as an organization ...

DECISION-MAKING

This paper discusses a good decision-making tool or technique, which would help generate success whether individually or in a team. There are a number of decision-making tools available, which would go with different situations. Nevertheless, the chosen tool would practically be very helpful in situations in general. This paper defines decision-making, states its importance, defines and explains the chosen tool and sites an application.   Introduction               According to  (2006), decision-making is a cognitive process leading to a selection of a specific course of action among alternatives or choices. It usually starts when we need to do something but we do not know what, and produces a final choice called a decision. Therefore, this is a reasoning process, which can be rational or irrational, and which could be based on assumptions. It is practically what we do every minute, every hour and everyday, starting from what to eat in morning, whether going to work or not, deciding what to wear, or deciding whom to vote in an election, and many other examples.             Decision-making is said to be influenced by many different factors. According to  and  (2004) in the first chapter of their book, these factors include long history of experiences, personal behavior, and the environment. These factors mentioned were said to manipulate the strategies and the decision-making behavior of an individual. A concrete example that the authors gave was when planning a vacation, a person may make a detailed, logical analysis concerning where to go, and along the way, he or she may then use simple rules to decide when and where to stop, which specific routes to take, depending on incidental factors such as traffic. This process proves the fact that decision-making is constructed psychologically, as we can never physically see the decision but we can assume from observable behavior that a decision has been made. Good decision-making is an essential skill for success in career in general and particularly in effective leadership. If we can learn to make timely and well-considered decisions, then we can often lead a team to spectacular and well-observed success. In contrast, if we make poor decisions, then the team risks failure and will automatically lead to the downfall of the team as a whole. A desired result from a specific problem depends on how a person or a team can come up with a perfect plan for their decision-making. To focus on a specific tool on decision-making, we must focus also on a specific problem encountered in most firms, and this is managing a team or a business properly to arrive at desired consequences. More often than not, the problem of a firm or a company revolves around money or profit and/or quality service. With this, a specific plan or strategy must be planned perfectly to defy the uprising problems and be used in upcoming situations.     Pareto Analysis               In existing firms, different managing teams and leaders have already encountered certain problems and solutions. Of course, it is a given fact that crises will be experienced along the way, so as these troubles come, certain solutions and approaches are made to combat the problem.              One of the decision-making tools is Pareto Analysis, which is a simple technique that helps you to choose the most effective changes to make. Technically, it uses the Pareto principle, which states that by doing 20% of work you can generate 80% of the advantage of doing the entire job, as stated (19 June, 2006, ). It is a formal technique for finding the changes that will give the biggest benefits, and useful where many possible courses of action are competing for your attention. You can apply this rule or principle whenever a choice has to be made among a number of alternative directions for action. This can be accomplished to uncover the possible sources of a particular problem, or after a brainstorming session to generate creative ideas in addressing a particular issue. In using this decision-making tool or principle, you have to start listing down the changes you could make. If you have a long list, then you can group them into related change to score the items or groups correspondingly. The scoring method that you can use depends on the sort of problem you are trying to solve. For example, if you are trying to improve market profitability, then you would have to score options on the basis of the profit each group might generate. While if you are trying to improve customer satisfaction, your score should be based on the number of complaints eliminated by each change. The change that has the highest score is the first one to be focused on. If this happens then most probably this one will give you or your company the biggest benefit if you solve it. While the options with the lowest scores will possibly not even be worth bothering with, as solving them may cost you more than the solutions are worth. As for more organized solutions and while discussing the matter to a team, you can use graphs such as line, bar, and pie graphs to illustrate your solution and give each factors corresponding scores. To further illustrate and explain this concept, we can discuss a specific example. In a certain call center, one account suffers from a big loss in the number of effective calls per day. Due to this, the team leaders decided to evaluate the situation by dividing the whole account into different teams with different shifts to see the effectiveness of agents in making their calls. The team leaders identified the problems, listed them down and gave corresponding scores. The crisis arose primarily from the terrible internet connection the account has, which got 92%. Second, due to the many computer windows each agent opens to increase their call, it causes the delay of the other agents with one computer window only, for a score of 3%. Other problem includes individual internet problem (1%), assigned accounts problem (1%) and computer breakdown (3%). The factor that got the highest score was the internet connection so it was provided a solution right away. To solve these given problems, the account decided to have the connection repaired and made sure that the internet connection will be secured for the benefit of each agent. For the second problem, the computers of each agent were monitored to make sure that only one computer window will be available for each agent. During the successive months, the effective calls of each call center agent increased and the team leaders where glad because of the good news. This is just a simple example of how the problem was solved using the Pareto Rule or Analysis. However, the results are not accomplished immediately, and time is needed for the company to attain the desired consequence.             Practically speaking, the application and use of this technique is extensive.  It can be used to evaluate certain situations, whether it is an easy or a difficult one. This means that the use of this technique is limitless and it is not user-specific. Using this decision-making technique will save time in looking for alternative solutions to problems and will give better understanding to team mates or employees about certain problems that they have to face.   Conclusion               The Pareto Analysis is a simple decision-making technique that helps you to identify the most important problem to solve, and gives you a score showing how severe the problem is. By focusing on the problem, the company is able to find and plan effective solutions and not waste anymore time going around the crisis. Due to the fact that different problems entail different solutions, it would be easier if the most severe problem will be given more attention that the others. Given the information that different factors influence our decision-making, it is never surprising that there are times when certain decisions are made according to our emotions. Nevertheless, whether a decision made was rational or not, still it is manipulated by our desire to give a possible solution to a problem.             Based on past and repeated experiences, simple rules in decision-making may become applicable that result in successful decisions. In this case, the decision-maker tends to concentrate either on the values of the attributes for each option or the advice provided by a rule, as was explained by (2004). Furthermore, authors also explained that in making choices, whether it resulted in a good or poor choice, it produces a feedback and this feedback forms the basis for rule learning. This is actually why we can apply the same solutions to same problems as we already experienced it before, and learn from all the succeeding trials that follow. The authors also mentioned that as the environment changes, the earlier rules in decision-making may no longer suffice, and the deliberative process starts all over again.             In line with these, to help a company or an individual combat the challenges in making a difficult decision, different decision-making tools were invented to practically help the persons in need of this kind of assistance, as they can help reduce the risk of human errors due to impulsive decision-making and lack of experience. In considering the implications of various courses of thinking, it is now just up to us whether to maximize the use of these decision-making tools and putting it to its proper application.   References:   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

DECISION-MAKING

This paper discusses a good decision-making tool or technique, which would help generate success whether individually or in a team. Th...

DECISION MAKING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

Tools and Technique Paper   Decision making is the cognitive process leading to the selection a course of action among alternatives. Every decision-making process produces a final choice called decision. It can be an action or an opinion. It begins when we need to do something but we do not know what. Therefore, decision-making is a reasoning process which can be rational or irrational, and can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions (). Generally, good decision making is very essential skill in the success and effective leadership. To lead a team  to spectacular and well-deserved success, it is important to learn to make timely and well considered decisions. However, if you make poor decisions, the team risk failure.   Techniques in Decision Making   There are some techniques that would help to make the best decisions with the availble data and information. Moreover, these tools will help work out the importance of individual factors and choose the best alternatives and course of action to take. These will also will help map out the likely consequences of the decisions. These techniques are Pareto Analysis, Paired Comparison, Grid Analysis, Decision Trees, PMI (Plus/Minus/Interesting),  Force Field Analysis, Six Thinking Hats, and Cost/Benefit Analysis.   Pareto’s Rule Pareto’s rule is also known as the 80/20 rule. It was named after Vilfredo Pareto who, in the late 18th century, studied the distribution of wealth in Europe and found that 80% was held by 20% of the population. A number of well publicized business studies during this century showed similar 80%/20% relationships, and claimed for example that, “managers spend only 20% of their time to complete 80% of their work”, and “80% of a company’s business comes from 20% of its customers”. These studies served to confirm the rule as an accepted part of management folklore (). Pareto Analysis is very simple technique that helps you to choose the most effective changes. Pareto analysis was used to rank important factors. This analysis arranges data according to priority and importance distribution. Basically, this distribution is established on the order-of-measurement value for each factor or element considered rather than on the quantitative of the factor (, 1999). It uses the Pareto principle which states that “by doing 20% of work you can generate 80% of the advantage of doing the entire job.”  Pareto analysis is a formal technique for finding the changes that will give the biggest benefits. It is useful where many possible courses of action are competing for your attention (). Basically, it consists in estimating of a benefit delivered by each action with subsequent selection of a number of the most effective actions that deliver the total benefit reasonably close to the maximal possible one (). This may be used after an analytical exercise has been completed to uncover the possible sources of a particular problem, or after a brainstorming session to generate creative ideas to address an issue. To use this analysis, first thing to do is to write a list of the changes that could possibly be made. If the list is long, group them into related changes. Then after having the list and grouping them, the items or groups are then scored. The scoring method will depend on the sorts of problem which are tried to be solved. For example, if you are trying to improve profitability, you would score options on the basis of the profit each group might generate. If you are trying to improve customer satisfaction, you might score on the basis of the number of complaints eliminated by each change. The first change to tackle is the one that has the highest score. This one will give you the biggest benefit if you solve it. The options with the lowest scores will probably not even be worth bothering with. Solving these problems may cost you more than the solutions are worth.   Example: How to use Pareto Analysis After an analysis or ideas generating session, we have now a list of items to evaluate. If the list is a long one, try to get it down to a manageable size by putting to one side any factors you reasonably suspect are of lesser importance. But it is not advisable to discard them entirely because without proper measurement you will never know for certain how significant the factors are. So it is better to just put them to one side and return to them later if the selected alternatives don’t prove successful. In this case, an analysis session was completed on the reasons why customers experienced undue delays in delivery of their goods from the time a picking slip is generated in the warehouse. This session yielded a laundry list of possible causes. <ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> picking errors </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> missing stock </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> sent to wrong address </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> part-supply refused </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> refused at delivery address/no receiving authority </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/exceeded use-by date </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/damaged </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/servicing or preparation not done </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods mislaid by carrier </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> delivery delayed by carrier </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/damaged in transit </li> </ul> To reduce the list to a manageable number of items, some less likely causes were put aside and others were aggregated to produce the following final list. <ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom: 0in"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/incorrect items </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/defective </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods returned/wrong address </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> goods not found in warehouse </li> </ul>  For the remaining factors, decide on the best way to measure their relative significance and collect the data required. Plot the data on a histogram in descending order of importance. Completing the histogram is particularly important if you are working with a team, or need to communicate the results of the data collection in a report or presentation. If you are working with a team, the histogram becomes the focal point for discussing the validity of the findings and how to pursue the issues involved. A data collection program was then undertaken to find out how much time was being taken to correct these problems for the customer, and the results plotted in the histogram shown below. The Pareto chart shows that the priority problem, the one causing greatest delays to customers, is incorrect goods being sent. Reducing the incidence of this problem will yield the greatest benefit to customers. After improvements have been made, another analysis can be made to determine if the problem has been reduced and confirm that “goods not found in the warehouse” is the next most important problem to address ().             When we faced with range of problems, we usually end up not knowing what to do and what to work first. Pareto Analysis is the most useful technique to be applied to resolve this dilemma. This rule says – “eighty percent of your troubles will come from 20 per cent of your problems”. In other words, problems will rarely have equal impact, so it is best to first concentrate on the most important.             This analysis does not provide scientifically accurate estimation of the weightings of the alternatives or the course of action but it still helps a lot even simply that this can be a reminder to look at the vital issue or the most important problem and to separate them from the list of many and concentrate on solving the vital problem first.               Pareto Analysis is a simple technique that helps you to identify the most important problem to solve. Moreover, this analysis does not only shows you the most important problem to solve, it also gives you a score showing how severe the problem is.     References:         Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

DECISION MAKING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

Tools and Technique Paper Decision making is the cognitive process leading to the selection a course of action among alternatives...

DECISION MAKING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

DECISION MAKING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

Tools and Technique Paper Decision making is the cognitive process leading to the selection a course of action among alternatives...