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Ritual theatre and Ritual Space

Introduction Before we delve in further to the subject matter at hand, it is necessary to recall the concepts that will be dealt upon in this research. …………. Ritual Space In Ancient Greek, gods inhabited the same land along with the human beings.  Features of the landscape were alluded to gods.  As Zeus dominated the mountain, the nymphs roamed the springs, Pan lived in the caves, Artemis finds the wilderness as her homage, and Poseidon rules over the sea, gods are indeed tied to the Greek physical landscape.  These divinely inhabited spaces are thereby considered as sacred spaces which come as the determinants of ritual space.  However in special purposes, ritual space may also be created.  This involves “1) when establishing a new community 2) when introducing a new ritual, and 3) when a normally secular space was to be used for a temporary ritual event”.  New ritual space is usually created in the moving of altars, temples and precincts due to city transfers.  The acquisition of a new god is reason enough to create a ritual space.  Sometimes, there needs to be adjustments to appropriate human habitation through enlargement or whatnot.  The occasions of rituals “such as a procession, sacrifice, or festival” necessitate the creation of temporary Ritual spaces.  Ritual spaces in Ancient Greece do not have a specific definition. Ritual spaces depend on contexts, cultures, and on locations.  Perhaps what remains shared among these spaces is that they are realms of power.  The gathering of believers leads to a community sharing an event.  The aims of ritual spaces is coexistence within art, architecture and people  Connect ritual spaces as connected to individual desires and collective interpretations of the notion regarding life and death, “Notions of ritual space, and patterns of behavior within such spaces, seem to be intrinsic to individual aspiration and collective resolution as sectarian groups organize means of rationalizing life and death.” Ritual spaces are assembled so believers may be conditioned to understand or comprehend a religious belief.  They are designated as “pure, holy, and sacred” and thus, well promoting a sense of order.  The world as imagined and the world as it exists may be bridged together by the ritual space and symbols therein.  The believers are able to exist on the world that they aspire and desire.  It allows the human and divine to meet.  Chosky also draws an image of ritual spaces as a means towards the accomplishment of an event.  “To phrase it another way, ritual spaces serve as locales of forced dynamics in which spatial cues trigger a series of concepts and events directed at the hope of achieving an aspired goal.” By performing in the ritual space, believers are bestowed with knowledge on “how to deal, accept, and move with the unknown” .  Rituals allow them to enact and experience sacred knowledge.  A large aspect of this enactment is not merely the remembrance of the sacred but also how the “personal, communal, and spiritual intentions and purposes and their sacred connection are reaffirmed”.  One relives the revered and participates within the divine narratives.  Crucial to ritual spaces is how the person enjoins others’ intentions and affirms community.  Rituals in this manner allow a certain participation and membership in an event.  Ritual spaces connect people and establish relationships, roles and positions with people.  In this ritual, unity among believers is attained .    In this study, the space intended mirrors after the Ritual space as a space that contains a structured event focused by strongly directed attention.  It is not exclusively religious and may be secular and may vary in venues whether open-air or enclosed for the sole purpose of gathering and communally participating, enjoining and performing their rightful roles in an event. Examples may vary from churches, sports stadiums, art galleries, and the St Peter’s square in Rome. The example of Ritual Space that would be emphasized and centred in this dissertation is the Ritual theatre which goes to say how the theatre has been connected with the concept and practice of ritual most especially the religious ritual.  The argument holds that Theatre is a ritual space that involves the enactment of a knowledge held sacred.  It is where intentions are communally shared with personal intentions among others.  Theatre is a venue where connections are affirmed perhaps more vividly exemplified by how it has roles needed to be taken in order to enact a narrative or knowledge that somehow may be connected to the perception of the world, the universe and life and death.  The roots of theatre, this paper will argue, are rooted to the sacred and the divine.  In participating in a theatre, there is an attempt to remember and articulate something much higher.  Thus theatre qualifies as a ritual space where people participate either through acting roles or through the roles as audience and spectators.  However the theatre does not separate actors from the spectators.  It in fact enjoins them in celebration of one experience.  It establishes relationships, roles and positions with people.             We need to make sense that drama is perceived as indispensable as a human need. It is a varied art form, a source of pleasure, thought and emotion which has accompanied the human existence for centuries. Drama has constantly shown and informed the audiences about the conscious reality as well as unconscious ruminations.  Drama is used to enact several functions initially and originating religious whether to appease the gods in successful hunting expedition, battles, or the fertility of people and agricultural fields. Later, written drama allows us and audiences to more clearly identify its functions and forms. Diverse, important sub-genres appeared, helping people to express perceptions of reality. Today, the forms and functions of drama display unfettered variety and freedom.             So much the better, for drama is fundamentally characterized by the its means of expression, its systems of signs (semiotic systems), just as drama fundamentally characterizes the human specie. All these components enable the drama or the play to communicate, and allow the spectators, during their encounter with the play, to create meaning, their meaning, the meaning of the play for each of them. Drama and Ritual “All public events, in their creation of limited social worlds, are exercises in holism”             Drama was said to have evolved out of the seasonal rituals which have their own sole purposes.  These seasonal rituals are known to be joined with the existence of myths which in the meantime are created to translate the rituals in a manner that is durable, “The interpenetration of the myth and the ritual creates drama” .  Myth allows ritual to have substance in a manner that ideal situations are reproduced.  They are considered essential in interpretation of Ritual which in turn translates to drama.  The similarity lies in the mimesis of myth. To understand the origin of drama is to study seasonal rituals.  Ritual is considered a parent of drama along with Myth.  The original dramas complement the use of religion than literature thanks to the cooperation of ritual and drama.  These are taken part by actors who would like to present “an ideal or imaginary situation and impersonating characters other than themselves” for the purposes of marriage, “the feast of communion and the expulsion of evil” Clearly the ritual provided the story or the plot in which the drama revolves around.  It is little wonder how the earlier incarnations of drama involves the invocation of the muses or the deities to which the drama or the ritual is supposed to be enacted during the opening and the ending portions thus revealing how it is indeed a ritual performance.                          Dramatic performances are ritualistic because they not only operate on “multiple sensory levels…highly visual imagery, dramatic sounds…tactile, olfactory and gustatory stimulation” that lures audience to the performance in the “complex sensory experience”.  Clearly, Drama was ritual enacted so man may express wishes and desires.  Drama “defines and created the popular mythos of both public and private fantasy.” The word rite may actually be a distant cousin to the word drama.  Because a dramatic performance is a visual as well as an active make-believe participation or performance intended to affirm a belief or knowledge, it is only logical that dramatic performances be rituals in their own right and vice versa.    Further blurring of ritual and drama may be well exemplified in Eastern theatre as revealed in the “magical plays” or “shamanic plays”.  In such cases, ritual is indeed presented on stage.  The creation of each theatre involves the exorcisation of evil spirits and demons.  Interestingly, this is performed by a ritualistic performance of an actor dressed as a white tiger chasing a black clad demon away.  The rites do not end the audience itself must take distance and must not speak to the White Tiger lest they will commit taboo.  Performances are clearly taken in high significant regard as rituals.  While ritualistic performances can drive away demons, they may also lure good fortune thus suggesting the power of dramatic performances as rituals that bring luck, wealth, and prosperity             Drama and Architecture             Before delving into Ritual Theatres, it is essential to first and foremost focus on the definition as well as the role of dramatic space or architecture.  “The interaction of architecture and drama takes place on at least two levels”  postulates further:             Some buildings (most obviously theatres) are containers for drama; others themselves take part in the plot of human life by providing the audience with a set on which people participate in a drama that is both rewarding social ritual and satisfactory at a personal level. Of course the best theatres and opera houses combine the two, allowing the drama on the stage to be powerfully displayed while engaging the public in a series of events that makes a visit to the theatre a totally involving experience.             First a theatre clearly functions as that venue in which dramas, already established as rituals in their own right, take place.  This easily translates theatres to be ritual spaces in which ritual performances brought by drama are enacted in.  Then Davey focuses on the communal participation aspect of the theatre.  The ideal theatre, he further elaborates, is a combination of being a venue of drama and at the same time, a venue that celebrates and allows the enactment as well as performance of “social ritual” that will then satisfy an aspect of the person.  The ideal theatre is not merely just a container or a static place in which such rites are enacted.  It most importantly involves the people within through a series of events.  This is true to the space I want to imagine.  It is a container of a structured event that solicits strongly directed attention.  It gathers and invites communal participation.                   Davey cites that the ideal theatre is embodied by the Paris Opera which was not only wealthy and aesthetically pleasing in its decorative elements, but it also invited social interactions.  The space was in fact intended to be large enough for mingling.  Another example, the Philharmonie in Berlin is “interwoven by a series of public routes which appear at first to be almost random in their disposition”.  But in fact these routes encourage “casual social contact” and the prospect of community and assurance that s/he is one of the many spectators.  There is a sense of belonging which completes the theatre.  Davey would actually consider Churches to be theatres in their own right.  It did not matter what denomination it is, as all Churches contain drama in their own manners.  The drama is the “celebration of humankind’s relationship to God” which according to Davey, necessitates a theatre or at the least a theatrical performance.  Theatrical performances are rituals because they allow the intermingling as well as involvement of “time and light, space and nature”.  The church, a theatre, brings drama and ritual together which allows it to be one of the most ideal ritual spaces.  It combines and synthesizes “deep human feelings of many kinds”.  Architecture and ritual spaces are not only supposed to be aesthetic in their appeal.  But it must also emanate a certain aura that will draw the masses through their “truly dramatic architecture” enough to “touch our hearts and give us a sense of occasions”.  In every act and performance, in every actor and in every costume detail there should be a hint or a suggestion of the sacred.  Theatres are ritual spaces because they allow for such spaces to contain and have “a deep understanding of space, materials, people and the natural world”. Ritual Theatre “The ritual of the theatre is, then, a meeting-place between our imagination and our reason. Perfect harmony between those two aspects of our minds provides the greatest experience.” .              One trait that would be shared between Theatre and Ritual according to  is that it involves the “action of becoming ‘other’, adopting a different identity” .  Indeed, it has been established that rituals are performances that may be contained by venues such as theatres.  There are authors that call rituals “social drama” as rituals invite social interaction.  The long standing argument, according to  is that Theatre is an offshoot of ritual and vice versa. Perceiving ritual as performance emphasized the aspects of “creativity and physicality” in human beings such that is apparent in theatrical performances today.  Theatre is only one of the many ways ritual may be performed.  It is enjoined by “sports, play, public spectacles”  all of which share the qualities of performance while enacting and approaching rituals.  Participants always take part of the practice of make believing and taking other roles so much so that Rock concerts and football games may be considered ritual spaces.  Ritual accompanies performances that had been popular as “spectacles of the twentieth century”.  But none perhaps take the reenactment and reinterpretation into heart that theatre puts to heart.  It is a direct display of image, concepts and sounds.              Existed as productions created in order to please, appease and entertain the gods.  Eastern and Western drama both enjoin this as they all perform invocations to the gods. Ritual performances, to note, are always performed in temple settings as dances are performed to demonstrate or “reenact sacred events” which may vary from the creation of the universe, the movement of ancestors and other being “narrative tales presented to entertain the gods” and thus involving sacrifices as the bridge between human and divine relations and exchange.              Theatres are venues of such sacred performances.  They also frame these performances that in turn, will heighten their significance.  Theatre frames ritualistic performances to involve aspects and details such as “stage, curtains, tickets, audience, familiar script” in the make-believe, reenactment or taking the position of an ‘other’.  Theatre condenses and substantiates, unifies, completes as well as makes tangible and coherent the abstract incoherent world of symbolic sacred ungraspable concepts.  It transfers the divine experience, the life and death question and the concept of gods and universes. to reality.             “In brief, performances seem ritual-like because they explicitly model the world” . The theatre is a space which condenses reality in that compacted space.  No matter how it is a simplified version of the chaotic human experience, the effect of theatre is that it may change perceptions regarding how the world is perceived.              Interestingly, in other cultures, the concepts of ritual and theatre are not as distinguished as in Western perspective.   appropriately upholds that “If traditional Chinese theater is full of ritual, it is not surprising to find that traditional Chinese ritual is full of theater” .  To further emphasize the link existing between.  In fact they may just overlap due to their similarities such as in Chinese Theatre, Temple becomes a stage and a ritual precinct in festivals for instance.  The stage is even considered as “an extension of the temple” And as such the performers and actors themselves see to it that they pay their respects to the deities by dedicating the performances to them.  “The whole acting troupe participates in the public offerings that accompany the temple festival.” Before actors reveal themselves and perform on the stage, they are known to firstly stop by a backstage shrine in the chosen patron deity for the troupe in order for them to pay their due respects .  It is not rare in Chinese culture to invite acting troupes in Daoist rites of the dead in order to perform the warding of hell demons and spirits in the journey of the dead.  “Doing is believing” like earlier said.  There needs to be no institutionalized religion to do ritual theatre.  There only needs to silent reverence and gravity in each movement .     Theatre is conceived as possessing a “magical ritual” that will have a certain “healing” and curing properties in the spectator.  To perceive theatre as ritualistic man links with nature which provides sustenance and replenishment, “man found himself indivisible with Nature and the so-called gods were natural subtle powers.” ritual theatre heals from the harsh chaotic conditions of rationalism, logocentrism and civilization.  By removing gods from the theatre and by stripping the theatre its capability to “recreate life and humanity in the spectator” , theatre loses its essence and significance thus suggesting that theatre has become so important in human civilization and world precisely because it is primarily ritualistic.  This also puts to note the transcendence and higher sense of meaning Theatre in nature could bring due to its capability to contain dramatic performances that may be considered as rituals.       Indeed, the womb of theatre, considered the oldest profession, is clearly religion.  This has been the same in several cultures such as in Egypt  Passion Play celebrating Osiris’ death), Medieval Theatre Japan (Noh plays) China (religious exercises) India (Hindu myth that pantomimes the All Father Brahma’s creation of the cosmos) and there is Greece .                 Pioneers of the ritual theatre in The West ” Aristotle’s explanation of the origins underline the principle that, wherever theatre appears, it does so as a development of a ritual”                                                  Ritual Theatre in the West finds its humble beginnings in Ancient Greece.  Athens in particular celebrated the Dionysian festival in the city of Dionysia.  The climax of the festival was the performance of the Greek tragedies which will be held in a three-day period.  The producers, performers, as well as poets were also involved in a “tragic anon (competition)”.  The victor gains instant fame, status and prestige.  The winning poet are given immediate respect that may earn them a seat in politics or the miltary.  One such poet who had won and earned several political and military posts was Sophocles.  All tragic performances were in respect of Dionysus.  As such performance and the theatre was integral in the Dionysian cult.  The Theatre of Dionysus itself is regarded as holy and sacred.  It is little wonder that this will be located near the Temple of Dionysus.  The proximity concretizes how these two entities alone are related to each other.  This case in Ancient Greece also emphasizes how theatrical performances are taken in high sacred and holy regard so much so that there are several restrictions that abound during the festival.  .              The Dionysian Theatre can contain as much as 14,000 spectators.  Clearly, it is the centre of the festival and that the entire sacred ceremonies revolve here.  It is here where the sacrifice is made, where the dithyramb chorus is performed, where the comic competition is held, and then finalized by the tragic competition.  In the 3rd, 4th and 5th day, tragedies had been performed from various poets.  It was the announcement of the tragic anon or competition winner which concludes the festival.  In the next day, the assessment of the festival takes place similarly in the theatre.              Tragedy was not born right away.  Its earlier manifestation was brought by the Dithyramb, “a religious chant sung and danced by a chorus of some fifty make celebrants in honor of the god, Dionysus” (p. 10) Indeed, tragedy’s origins was strictly religious in nature.  Safe to say the dithyramb is one of the pioneers of ritual theatre in the West.  With regards to personalities, Aeschylus and Thespis are considered as pioneers that had contributed largely to the dramatic contests thanks to the dramas they have written and their innovation that shaped and enhanced dithyrambs.  Thespis introduced the first actor which was then added by Aeschylus and Sophocles.  These actors were not supposed to be realistic in their performance though.  Their dialogue is characterized as being “constructed in alternating rhythms and patterns of a ritualistic nature”, hardly not the regular everyday speech, but it was intended to be “ritual drama”.  The writing behind the tragedies in the past, according to  cannot be compared as the tragedies in these recent centuries such as those composed by Shakespeare.  The tragedies of the past were made in the intention to present “symbolic rituals–the sublimation of an action rather than the life-like representation of it–the characters larger than life–the speech rhythmic and sometimes hypnotic in its effect” ..  Eventually, the fall of Athens would bring about the demise of Ritual Theatre in Greece.  As other city states have been building their own theatres and take from the culture and tradition of Athens, Athenian theatre was transported through-out, outside Greece.  The destruction of “civic pride” that Athenians held dear had also destroyed the faith in their gods, including Dionysus.  “Faith in the gods began to give way to scepticism; patriotism and idealism degenerated into materialism.” Athenian was split up and as wealth and civilization continue to abound, the Greeks were less interested in arranging festivals that would be the inspiration of ritual theatre.  The Roman Theatre had brief incarnations of ritual theatre but it easily was corrupted, shut down and forbidden.  Perhaps the closest to the long standing Ritual Theatre today is the Christian Church which celebrates the Catholic ritual in masses.   They would not mirror or parallel the achievements of Greek Ritual Theatre. 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Ritual theatre and Ritual Space

Introduction Before we delve in further to the subject matter at hand, it is necessary to recall the concepts that will be dealt upon...

ENRON

Introduction             Enron Corporation was born of a mildly innovative deal to combine two boring businesses: an Omaha-based natural-gas-pipeline company called InterNorth and a Texas pipeline company called Houston Natural Gas. From humble beginnings as a natural-gas company, Enron rose in a mere 15 years to No. 7 on the Fortune 500, doing 0 billion of business in 2000. Along the way, Enron became one of America’s most admired companies, and a perennial favorite on “best places to work” lists. At the peak of its power, Enron Corporation was a warpspeed money-making machine that brought in 0 billion a year trading contracts around the globe for oil, gas, electricity, and other commodities from its gleaming 50-story office tower in Houston, Texas. Enron was supposed to be the next new thing, a New Economy company with substance to it. Enron had real businesses, real assets, real revenues and what seemed to be real profits. It owned natural-gas pipelines and electricity-generating plants and water companies. Enron executives mingle with Presidents, donated huge sums to politicians of both parties, and then won changes in government regulations that favored Enron. Company executives worked long hours, but on the other side some blew as much as ,000 a month in expenses. Other company executives showed up for work in a different luxury car for every day of the week . Then without warning, a strange thing happened – Enron went bankrupt. Though the auditors were supposed to be keeping an eye on its finances, the seventh-largest company in the U.S. collapsed without warning. It was considered to be the biggest bankruptcy in American history. Some top level executives made (up) their numbers, took millions of dollars in compensation, and walked out the door leaving Enron with numerous projects that in reality were losing money. Hundreds of thousands of investors with Enron stock lost their money. The entire stock market shuddered, costing millions of people nationwide, since about half of all Americans own stock, either directly or through mutual funds. Unfortunately, for not only Enron’s investors, but also its employees, Enron’s ethical performance appears to have fallen far short of the image it projected to the world. Thousands of Enron workers sadly lost their jobs. Enron looked like a dependable, highly ethical, honorable, and responsible corporate citizen to the outside world. The corporation said and seemed to do all of the right things to generate trust and confidence in its policies and methods by investors, regulators, and the general public. Sadly, according to some authors, it appears that the core values Enron actually practiced included deception, arrogance, concealment, and self-interest rather than the values of integrity, communication, and respect for others that it proclaimed to the world. Problem Statement             In my own point of view, which I believe is also shared by many individuals, the fall of Enron is rooted on the apparent lack of business ethics of its leaders. On the top it may appear as a financial problem leading to bankruptcy, but the driving force for this is the ethical problem that Enron had. How did the lack of business ethics contribute to the downfall of Enron? Literature Review             Some situations that seem to capture the public’s attention almost daily are situations in which the public or some segment of the public believes that an organization has done wrong or has treated some individual or group unfairly. Typically, ethical questions are raised in these kinds of situations. In some cases, major laws have been broken. In most, questions have arisen of whether or not the organizations have been socially responsible or ethical. Organizations find themselves frequently on the defensive in today’s socially aware environment, being criticized for some action they have taken or failed to take. One reason for these issues of company conduct and personal conduct in business being higher on the public agenda is the occurrence of disasters even before the Enron scandal took place. The Exxon Valdez tragedy, Bophal, Maxwell, corporate collapses – all of these highlight this question of accountability . Unethical acts continue to occur, as is evidenced the Enron scandal. In the case now of Enron, questions such as ‘who was responsible’ and ‘what can we do to ensure that this kind of disaster won’t happen again’ arise. Causes             According to traditional economic analysis, regulation of Enron was unnecessary because Enron, like other rational actors, would voluntarily act honestly in order to reduce long-term costs of raising capital, and its officers would not derail promising individual careers by engaging in financial fraud. But this is not so the case, as it has been found out now. Faulty operating decisions could underlie some of Enron’s problems. But it appears that a major share of the blame for the collapse may be due to the ethical climate in the company, which allowed a series of ethical missteps to occur. The accounting and security fraud that resulted in the Enron scandal roots itself in ethics. Its top-level executives apparently did not display any ethical considerations. Although Enron publicly refers to its Code of Ethics, it is not a member of the Ethics Officer Association and doesn’t have an Ethics Officer to administer compliance with its code. In spite of Enron’s commitment to ethics and apparent attention to compliance controls, its actual ethical performance seems to have fallen far short of its proclaimed ethical goals. Many actions have been reported in the press indicating that Enron’s behavior was widely at variance with its stated values and code of conduct. This may be due to the lack of effectiveness of Enron’s ethics management system. The roots of Enron’s fall can be found in its failed leadership and culture. Enron’s leaders ignored, then denied serious problems with their business transactions and were more concerned about their personal financial rewards than those of the company. Solutions             Enron should have employed an effective ethics management strategy. The company should have also done periodic checks on their employees from the highest level down to the ordinary employees. Aside from that, they should have had the support of the Ethics Officer Association. All these measures could at least minimize if not completely stop the scandal and bankruptcy that Enron now faces. Reflection From this particular paper, I gained more knowledge regarding the big part that ethics plays in doing business. Organizations such as Enron reap what they sow. In the long run, they are the ones who become victims of their unethical practices. Sadly, those who didn’t do any wrong but are part of the company also suffered – like in the case of ordinary employees and the unsuspecting investors. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

ENRON

Introduction Enron Corporation was born of a mildly innovative deal to combine two boring businesses: an Omaha-based natura...

Construction Safety Legislation Policies

OBJECTIVES As a person with knowledge of safety management in construction, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viability of strategy formation regarding safety management and at times fails to understand the reasons or logic behind certain strategic implementations imposed on it. By delving into this project paper, the author intends to have better insights into how construction safety legislation policies are thought up, formulated and then imparted down into the key stakeholders. The author hopes to have an in-depth understanding as to how the construction safety management policies enables Hong Kong to compete effectively and profitably in this era of internationalization where competition is extremely intense. In order to reinforce the learning objectives, two key focal issues were focused upon, i.e. innovation and diversity. Innovation was discussed with regards to construction safety management within Hong Kong where it was renowned for its developmental capabilities to constantly innovate. Diversity came under strategic thinking and formation as the author considered the diverse culture, political climate, economic surroundings, social environment, technological settings, government policies and legal systems in order to have a better understanding of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong. EXECUTIVE BRIEF This essay utilized the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong as the model legislative policy to review its present construction site safety management and how it dealt with critical situations. From the analysis, key trends in its construction site safety management were identified, how it worked and its effectiveness in dealing with critical situations was ascertained. The paper then moved on to assess its component construction site safety management strategies with regard to its suitability to critical situations, during which the internal capabilities of these safety management strategies in relation to the strategy being followed by most construction firms in Hong Kong was determined also. An overall analysis of the performance and effectiveness of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong was also conducted to assess and compare the capabilities of its construction site safety management strategies with those of others. Gaps in its construction site safety management capabilities were then identified. Finally, several choices of strategies to improve the construction site safety management of most Hong Kong construction firms as effective means in critical situations were recommended and evaluated in terms of appropriateness to the issues reviewed, feasibility in carrying out the options and acceptability within the key stakeholders and decision makers. Several key implementation issues related to managing strategic change were also addressed as well. INTRODUCTION Construction site safety management can be defined as the efficient and effective implementation of the policies and tasks necessary to satisfy the safety of a construction firm’s employees and management. Construction safety management focuses on the careful management of the processes involved in the production and distribution of products and services within construction sites. More often than not, small companies don’t really have the capabilities to implement construction site safety management. Instead, these companies engage in activities that various schools of management typically associate with construction safety management. These activities include the inspection of construction sites, construction materials assessment, production and distribution. However, construction site safety management deals with all operations done within construction firms and organizations. Activities such as the management of purchases, the control of inventories, logistics and evaluations are often related with construction site safety management. A great deal of emphasis lies on the efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, construction site safety management includes the analysis and management of internal processes. The Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision of Hong Kong will be the model legislative policy that will be used in this research based on its good background in construction safety management. Elements of the Code of Practice for Site Safety Supervision Safety Management Structure and Responsibilities of Relevant Personnel A. Technically Competent Persons (TCPs) Technically Competent Persons (TCPs) identified in the Code include four (4) different individuals: the Authorized Signatory (AS), the Authorized Person (AP), the Registered Structural Engineer (RSE) and the Registered Geotechnical Engineer (RGE). They have responsibilities in communications, recordkeeping as well as construction safety operations scheduling. The Code of Hong Kong empowers these personnel to apply their technical knowledge in their respective fields of expertise for the safety of the construction sites. By doing so, the government of Hong Kong maintains a high level of standard regarding the safety and security of all construction sites within Hong Kong. However, certain criteria for qualifications in accordance with the Code of Hong Kong will have to be followed so as to make sure that the best and only the highly qualified ones are selected. This process will also allow the process of training to be unified, which will significantly bring down training costs. It is interesting to know the basic innate characteristics of the TCPs involved in construction site safety management which contribute towards the development of their effective image. ·        Mental Stability Mental stability is crucial especially in the pursuit of the correct decision as well as in the construction site safety management and development of the processes accompanying it. It is important for the TCPs to remain updated with the latest developments in the construction sites to be able to stay aware and knowledgeable in all safety management issues. ·        Performance and Credibility The production of their best construction site safety management outputs comes as a result of well-funded construction site safety management and development activities. The strong performance of their safety and security measures in the construction sites could also be linked to the effective strategic planning and human resource mobilization of the TCPs. Thus, the TCPs’ credibility increases as their performance becomes better. ·        Construction Site Safety Planning and Strategy Formation Capabilities Construction site safety management planning and strategy formation nowadays has created the need for TCPs to become aggressive especially in the area of marketing themselves. This is because the access to strong distribution channels is critical for their continued existence. ·        Decision-making abilities. Upon arriving at the correct decision or choice, the TCPs now gains confidence in their ability to make critical construction site safety decisions or choices especially when their integrity is on the line. Thus, the TCPs will now search for even more challenges and opportunities where they could further enhance their decision-making abilities regarding construction site safety management issues. ·        Holistic Mindset of Construction Site Safety Management Issues Through the exposure to various puzzling construction site safety management issues, the TCPs along the process are able to develop a holistic mindset regarding the construction site safety management issues surrounding them. The TCPs now become a keen observer of the truths and lies surrounding the issue being tackled, instead of relying on mere hearsays. The continuous pursuit of the truth behind the puzzling construction site safety management issues enables the TCPs to consistently practice and enhance a healthy and holistic mindset which makes it difficult for detractors to give influence. Because of this holistic approach, the TCPs are able to effectively select the right choice and continue to maximize this potential for future use. The four (4) TCPs are the following: The Authorized Signatory (AS) refers to the individual designated by the registered contractor to perform his / her duties and functions for the purposes of the Buildings Ordinance, and given power by the contractor to act on his behalf to gain total control of the contractor’s construction site safety management structure for the project. The Authorized Personnel (AP) refers to the individual designated by the Code to routinely inspect and satisfy, in accordance with the supervision plan, that the contractor’s construction site safety management system is congruent with the part of the supervision plan prepared by the Authorized Signatory. The Registered Structural Engineer (RSE) refers to the individual empowered by the Code to perform construction site structural engineering data assessment, evaluations and design calculations, concrete and steel structure design, confirmation of construction site frameworks, and even construction site cost evaluations. They will also perform the revising of construction site drawings, preparation of analyzed calculations as well as report preparation, technical reports and other documents. They will sometimes become the leader of individual construction site teams, where they will be tasked to mobilize their project staff. Together with other TCPs, they conduct ocular construction site inspection and observation. The Registered Geotechnical Engineer (RGE) refers to the individual tasked by the Code to do the routine task of applying geotechnical engineering techniques, procedures & principles on a wide variety of construction site safety management projects. This TCP typically has an excellent background in construction site mechanics, shallow and deep construction site foundations, earth structures, construction site materials calibration, construction site monitoring and evaluation. B. Purchasing and Buying of Safe and High Quality Construction Materials Buyers and purchasing agents are tasked to evaluate construction material suppliers on the basis of price, quality and service support. They review catalogs as well as the construction industry and company publications in order to help them in their search for the right construction material suppliers. Fortunately for them, a majority of this information can be easily accessed in the Internet. They also do some researching about the reputation and background of the construction material suppliers and may also do some advertisements regarding the foreseen purchase actions in the hope of soliciting bids. At meetings and conferences, they perform the examination of construction material products as a safety precaution, the evaluation of the productive and distributive capabilities of the construction material suppliers, and the discussion of business considerations that have the possibility of influencing the construction material purchasing decision. As soon as all valuable information about the construction material suppliers is gathered, the placement of construction material orders and contracts are started to be awarded to those construction material suppliers who are able to meet the needs of the purchasers. The typical contracts range for several years and may even have the stipulations of the range of construction material prices, which would allow the purchasers to reorder whenever necessary. In the Code of Hong Kong, however, there is a clear distinction between the work of a buyer and that of a purchasing manager. Purchasing agents and buyers focus mainly on the daily purchasing tasks. They specialize in construction materials. Purchasing agents perform the tracking of the conditions of the construction materials for safety, trends in their prices, as well as the future of the markets. Purchasing managers, on the other hand, are in charge of the more complex and critical construction material purchases and handles a team of purchasing agents. C. Production Safety Planning Production safety planning is a necessary function indicated in the Code. In most construction companies this process is often very difficult because of the fast rate of change and the occurrences of unplanned events. Most companies also use several methodologies depending on what the situation demands and the price of the construction materials. Nevertheless, the objectives of the production safety planning do not change: efficiency, effectiveness and safety. Production safety planning is being implemented by the Code in order for its activities and resources to be coordinated over time. This enables the construction firm to achieve overall safety in all of its operations with minimal resource utilization. Production safety planning also enables the construction firm to monitor the progress of their safety plans at regular intervals and maintain their control over operations. Production safety planning according to the Code involves four elements: scheduling, labor safety planning, equipment safety planning, and cost planning. <ul type="disc" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Scheduling involves the specification of the beginning, the length or the duration, and end of the planned activities geared towards achieving overall safety within the construction site.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Labor safety planning involves allocating the necessary personnel and delegation of responsibilities and resources to ensure the overall safety of all construction workforces.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Equipment safety planning involves identifying the types and needs in terms of safety of the equipments being used in the construction site. </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Cost planning involves determining the costs and the possibility of their occurrence in terms of achieving the overall safety within the construction site.</li> </ul> D. Construction Site Safety Analysis The occurrence of construction site safety analysis within the construction sites of Hong Kong reflects the growing difficulty in the management of most Hong Kong construction firms that require the safe use of valuable construction resources such as money, materials, equipments, and people. This is perhaps the reason why construction site safety analysis is being emphasized in the Code in order to determine the most effective ways to coordinate these resources through the application of analytical methods derived from fields of studies such as mathematics, science, and engineering in order to create the safest construction site possible. Through this process, safety concerns and problems within construction sites are solved in different ways and alternative solutions are then relayed to the construction firm’s management concerned. The management then selects the appropriate course of action in line with their goals. More often than not, construction site safety analysis is concerned with complicated issues such as top-level construction safety strategy, construction safety resource allocation, and designing of production facilities and systems for construction site safety. Construction site safety analysis actually may vary according to the structures and philosophy of the construction firm. But according to the Code, it centralizes construction site safety analysis in one department. Construction site safety analysis may also have the possibility of working closely with top level construction site managers in order to identify and solve a variety of safety problems. No matter what the type or structure of the construction company is, construction site safety analysis operates under similar sets of methodologies in order to carry out the analysis to support the construction company’s goal to improve the overall safety of its construction sites. The process is started by the description of the symptoms of a construction safety problem, followed by the formal definition of the problem. For example, a construction site safety analyst might be questioned regarding the most effective safety precaution for every needed part on a production line. Also, the analyst might be asked to determine the optimal number of emergency tools needed to be kept in inventory. E. Construction Site Engineering The Engineering Department of the construction site determines the best ways to utilize its basic factors of production in the safest ways possible. These resources include the construction site’s people, materials, information, and energy needed in the production. Engineering is the bridge that links the goals of management and safe operational performance. They are concerned with the increase in productivity through the proper management of people and choosing the appropriate methods of construction site organization while maintaining a high level of safety. According to the Code, the construction site’s engineers perform the careful analysis of the construction site’s materials and their requirements as a safety precaution. In this process, they make use of various mathematical methods in its operations research to meet the requirements. They also develop systems of management control in order to aid in the planning of safety precautions and measures in cases of emergency situations. These systems are eventually subjected to improvements for the effective implementation of the safety plans of the construction site. The construction site’s engineers perform the tedious task of selecting which among the various construction site locations have the best combination of raw construction materials availability and safe environment. This time, engineers make use of computers for simulations and robots for controlling various activities and devices. They also are in charge of the development of systems and programs for safety. Critical Construction Site Safety Management Improvement Factors For Hong Kong construction sites to become effectively safe, the following construction site safety management improvement factors are critical: ·        Financial Stability Financial stability is crucial especially in the pursuit of construction site safety management and development activities. In the construction industry, it is important to remain updated with the latest construction site safety management developments to be able to stay competitive in the market. ·        Construction Materials Performance and Price The safety of the construction sites is dependent on well-funded construction safety management and development activities. The safety of the construction sites could also be linked to their cost-effectiveness. However, the construction firm has to be aware of the positioning in terms of process so as to maintain satisfactory profits margin and remain competitive in the market. ·        Safety Strategy and Implementation High construction site safety awareness among the clients has created the need for aggressive lobbying of safety policies, and access to strong distribution channels is critical for the introduction of new safety precautions. Benefits of Efficient Construction Site Safety Management ·        Economies of Scale and Scope in manufacturing and construction site management and development. ·        Unique Quality Construction Sites owing to heavy emphasis on Construction Site Safety Management A construction company’s commitment to construction site safety management & development activities has always been one of the top strategies to remain competitive in the construction market.  ·        Differentiated Construction Site Safety Strategies Through the production and establishment of different safety strategies originating from the construction site safety management and development activities, the construction company is able to create its own firm-specific advantages. The continuous pursuit of construction site management and development processes enables the company to produce a steady stream of originally different construction site safety strategies which makes it difficult for competitors to find substitutes. Because of this differentiated approach, the construction company is able to strengthen their construction sites, which enables them in turn to maximize the returns on construction site safety management and development expenditures. SYNTHESIS Deriving from the analysis between the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong, operations management and capabilities of the winery involved, many strategic options would become imperative. It is therefore essential to evaluate these strategic options as to whether they are appropriate to the issues addressed, whether they are feasible enough to be implemented and their acceptability to key stakeholders. There is definitely a need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in capabilities of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision of Hong Kong. While the code’s construction site safety management involves focusing on its core competencies with construction site position following its resource base, the construction firms of Hong Kong that will follow this will be put into a disadvantageous position should they choose to neglect both the macro as well as the construction environment. Therefore, construction firms in Hong Kong have to be aware of the latest construction site safety management changes, as well as changes in political, economic, legal and even demographic trends in order to develop the outside-in capabilities, such as market sensing, customer linking, channel bonding and technology monitoring. The advantages enjoyed by most Hong Kong construction firms may come in the form of increased revenues. Knowing what the market demands and the latest construction site safety trends could help these construction firms fully exploit their research and development capabilities to come out with construction site safety strategies and measures which are not only cost-effective but also high in quality. The strategic option can even be used as marketing tool where the focus is on staying close to the construction firm’s clients and listening to their feedbacks. On the flip side of the coin, there will be huge mobilization of resources involved, and the associated risks bestowed on the construction firms of Hong Kong. Nevertheless, the mentioned strategic option seems the most practical in the wake of globalization, since there is a sudden shift towards a more integrated and independent construction industry in Hong Kong. The key stakeholders too should not have any objections so long as the construction firm’s core business and construction site safety strategies are not threatened. By virtue of most Hong Kong construction firms’ centralized control of their construction site safety strategies, it is being expected that major barriers should not exist in carrying out such an option except additional time may be required given the scope and span of the construction firm’s operations. Understanding the strategic importance of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision of Hong Kong is something that all construction firms have to be familiar with. Construction firms in Hong Kong normally practice a centralized and globally scaled configuration of construction site safety operations and capabilities. This allows information dissemination to be retained. RECOMMENDATIONS A tie-up or merger with various local construction firms in Hong Kong offers tremendous benefits in terms of access to their construction site safety management policies, infrastructure and even their resources. However, every independent construction firm must not lose sight of their core competencies while pursuing these tie-ups. Otherwise, the image of every construction firm in Hong Kong might be put in jeopardy. Meanwhile, the collaboration of construction firms in Hong Kong with their major competitors can be seen as a ridiculous move at first.  However, upon close examination, this move could pave the way for Hong Kong construction firms to improve even more their construction site safety management policies and strategies. The bottom line is both sides would be able significantly gain in such an alliance. Hong Kong construction firms’ strengths in construction site development combined with the construction site safety management capabilities of their competitors can transform them suddenly into an unbeatable force to reckon with. One possible setback, however, is the differences in the cultures of the construction firms involved. Another possible setback could be whether any of Hong Kong construction firm’s competitors has the need to form alliances. The third option also focuses on alliances, but this time with either one of the leading organizations specializing in construction site safety management. The benefits of these alliances should outweigh the costs in the long run. In terms of appropriateness, all three options are able to directly address the current issues mentioned. However, the question remains whether construction firms in Hong Kong could be able to implement any of these options, and whether these options can be acceptable to the key stakeholders. Any merger or alliances may also involve the sharing of expertise. Hong Kong construction firms have traditionally relied on the inside-out approach. It is important to note that any merger transactions would have many implications on the construction firm’s values and culture as well as the resources. The key stakeholders definitely would be concerned with such options and need to be convinced of the positive aspects. Somehow, Hong Kong construction firms will be able to overcome this barrier in managing strategic changes in the process of implementing any of the above mentioned strategic options. CONCLUSION The results of the analysis carried out on the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong indicated very significant effects, even amidst the threats of unrest. Therefore, we could conclude that this Code could still be expected to improve faster than average. The review of the Code’s construction site safety management capabilities and resources revealed very little inconsistencies regarding the strategies of most Hong Kong construction firms. This is coherent with their traditional inside-out approach. However, the need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in approaches becomes imperative now for these construction firms. The analysis among the Hong Kong construction industry environment as well as the construction site safety management and capabilities of their construction firms revealed certain gaps, most of which are biased towards the environment. However, these gaps paved the way towards determining a number of recommended strategic options to secure the competitiveness of these construction firms. Also, the construction firms of Hong Kong have to find a balance between adherence to internal forces within the management and to the changing forces of the environment in order to implement such strategic construction site safety options. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Construction Safety Legislation Policies

OBJECTIVES As a person with knowledge of safety management in construction, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viab...

police

<p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Introduction <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">For a lot of individuals, the “police” are uniformed public servants, usually carrying weapons, mandated with implementing the criminal law. The concept of policing means the law enforcement, examination and mediating activities carried out by police officers. To this one may possibly include that they are elements of a system of government produced by political and legislative procedures, and are similarly anticipated to uphold and preserve public order, or to maintain the peace. In democratic cultures, it is the courts who watch over the police, and to selected legislatures and executives. It is the role of the courts to look after the welfare of the public such that the authorities with much influence and power are checked. However, with regards to the functions of the public police, the private sector has similarly adopted some functions of the public police. The emergence of the private police brought to existence the public security officer.    <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">There is a fine line that marks the distinction of between the police office and the private security officer. Nevertheless, in order to clearly discuss the apparent haze that rests in the said distinction, a discussion on a much broader scale has to be taken into account. Specifically, the functions of the police force and private security will be the focus of the discussions in this paper. For clarity and coherence, the paper is divided into several parts in order to clearly provide a critical analysis of every aspect of the said issue.  <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Policing the Society <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"> <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Both police officers and private security officer are tasked on taking on policing functions. As defined in the introductory part of the paper, the function of policing has been a major element of the said positions. there are a number of academics who have taken into consideration this function of the said people to illustrate, whose work was censured afterward for its allegedly constricted explanation of policing, indicated how the term ‘police’ had been previously employed to mean the whole structure of official, bigoted regulation, and enclosed a lot of administrative functions in addition to law enforcement ones. On the other hand, stated that the term is acquired from the Greek word polis, and how, before the eighteenth century, it indicated the extensive social utility of governance of a city or culture. More recently,  has looked into the work of , the Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis, indicated his support for what he described as a ‘system of police’. Even though Colquhoun was soon after to be attributed with being an early advocate of a professional police force, as Garland indicated, by ‘system of police’ he essentially intended a well-organized arrangement of regulation, examination and command covering the whole social body and concerning several major agencies (both “public” and “private”) rather than a sole authority police force. Therefore, it is merely somewhat lately that the term ‘police’ has come to be connected essentially fully with an organization of personnel possessing extraordinary legal authority, and assigned by the State to keep order and implement the law. Nevertheless, in some manners the wheel has turned full circle, with the prominent works of now coming back to this more ancient notion of ‘policing’ which recognizes it with the wider movement of ‘governance’, which he describes purely as the action or business of governing. On a more specific analysis of policing, looked into the existing type of policing in the US. They offered an impression of modern police functions in the United States. It grants an assessment of where police functions is and where police work is required to go. Their work reveals the data to support the reader in getting hold of knowledge of the connection involving the police and society, and in generating informed choices in relation to the numerous social concerns that the police institution is encountering. provided a historical account of law enforcement. They portrayed occurrences granting an understanding with regards to the growth of policing in the United States. The text discovers the construction and development of police personnel systems. It grants an impression of modern-day policies, processes and approaches employed in personnel processes. Furthermore, their work characterizes how individuals grow to be police officers an outline of organizational theory as it involve policing. They investigate numerous meanings and terms that are vital to the understanding of how police departments are administered. The authors observe how police functions are carried out by means of the patrol, investigative, traffic functions and paramilitary elements of the force. They talk about the complexities encountered by police departments that do not possess sufficient reserves to rise to every investigation for service. The book, “Policing in America” surveys police character and traditions from quite a lot of diverse standpoints — psychological, sociological and anthropological. It explains issues that form police character and traditions. The book similarly looks into the issue of police deviance, misdemeanors and civil responsibility. evaluated the research on how the public sees police officers and how citizens amount to expand their views. The authors point out that traditionally, police officers have relied on police-community connections and crime prevention schemes to get to the bottom of a lot of intricacies with the public. They indicate that such schemes are not constantly efficient. Furthermore, the book reveals one of the more vivid distinction between the police officer and the private security officer. This involves community policing. Community policing stands for an organizational display that tries to bring about the police department to concentrate on community issues in preference to concentrating on symptoms of problems. affirms that community policing takes account of law enforcement, community participation and community development.  <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"> <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Role of the Police Officer <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"> <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Since the functions of the private security guard are patterned to some of the roles carried out by police officers, then it is imperative to discuss these. Not like the private sector industry which grants a concrete product, law enforcement issues an exceptional, monopolistic service. This service is revealed in the extensively acknowledged slogan that comes into view on a lot of local police cars, “To Protect and Serve.” In spite of of the level of technology an agency may possibly utilize, the service implemented and carried out is still conveyed by means of communication of agency personnel with the customers. In law enforcement, that contact is by and large a very personal character. It is also revealed that police officers are the most important asset of a law enforcement agency. assumes that front line personnel make the actual rule of an organization by open decisions created throughout the schedule performance of their responsibilities. He indicates police officers as particular instances of open policy making. The contention can be stated that administration manages the open policy making capability of officers by compelling austere principles by means of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and directives. Nevertheless, law enforcement agency supervisors frequently jog the memory of the troops that they are the organization and that the organization reputation is completed by their public contacts. The customary cliché that civilians do not see individuals, merely police uniforms, is proof of the information that an individual officer’s deeds are the actions of the entire division. This insight is similarly strengthened by court rulings, particularly acts concerning civil rights infringements where the agency, in addition to the individual officer, is brought under examination. <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Moreover, law enforcement officials usually take steps dependent to either law enforcement or community caretaking objectives. The dissimilarity involving the two branches from the officers’ fundamental intentions. The law enforcement purpose takes account of behavior that is intended to perceive or get to the bottom of a particular crime, like carrying out arrests, questioning suspects, and probing for evidence. Community caretaking, alternatively, is anchored on a service perception that police serve to guarantee the security and wellbeing of the citizenry in general . <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"> <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Private Security and the Enforcement of Law An emerging industry in American society is the private security industry. It is a concept employed to illustrate those private organizations that offer the resources essential for private police work. Misunderstanding frequently comes up for the reason that the industry similarly supplies security personnel, and therefore whether these two ideas are the same has aggravated a variety of answers. A number of have taken on an extra term that integrates the notion that private policing is an action in addition to a collection of products on the market., for instance, in his account of the British private policing, recommends the employment of the “private security sector.” Others have selected to unite not only private policing and the private security industry, but to take account of the public police similarly under the common word of “policing.” Therefore, for instance, has selected this technique to emphasize what he perceives as the indistinct border involving private and public policing. There lingers no agreement on the limitations of private policing or its connection to the security industry, and every predilection is extremely reliant on the researcher’s individual perspective. The private security industry indicates to the collection of business-related security products and services, which takes account of three extensive categories: the granting of guards, gear, and investigation or consulting services.  Persons may possibly acquire goods and services from the industry devoid of automatically being caught up in private policing, as when a proprietor acquires an alarm system. Private policing, by contrast, indicates to the acquirement and employment of these products and services, in addition to the submission of specialized knowledge in fields reminiscent of crime control, examination, and risk management. In these contexts, private policing is the set of actions whose requirements are to some extent provided by the private security industry. In an article of the potential issues that could be encountered when a police officer is moonlighting as a security guard. He noted that whether a police officer acts under color of state law does not depend on whether the officer is doing a shift at the instance of the incident. Off-duty police officers who either claim to work out official authority or who implement definite police authority may possibly be functioning under color of state law. If there is a noteworthy connection involving an off-duty officer’s behavior and his or her responsibilities as a police officer, then the officer will be established performed under color of law. Therefore, as revealed in the article, liability under Section 1983 will merely crop up if the officer is recognized as a police officer or if not calls upon his police authority and if that officer then applies police authorities in a manner that infringes a suspect’s constitutional rights. <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">The Blurring Line Involving the Role of Police Officers and Private Security Officers <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">This part of the study is going to discuss the specific elements that blur the line that separates the role of the police officers and private security officers.  In the face of the similarities, private security and law enforcement among police officers are intended to totally separate legal principles. Initially, law enforcement among police officers is a field of the government, and as the label points out, has a task of implementing the criminal laws of the administration. At the same time as private security may possibly be proscribed to some degree by government directives, its function as a representative of a private party is to look after private property and put into effect the rules and regulations that have been formed by that private party. For instance, police will not be involved if a worker acquires a product from the company without consent into a factory for the reason that it is not against the law. Nevertheless security will be concerned for the reason that it is in opposition to the rules of the factory. <p class="MsoNormal" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">One case that reveals this distinction is a 1979 case from California. This was almost certainly the high water mark of getting in the way a private party with law enforcement principles. The California court was involved with the creation of law enforcement features by private security forces and looked at this as a possible hazard to the public. In return to this alarm, it determined that a private security officer who carried out a citizen’s arrest was functioning in support of the public and not his boss. As a result, evidence he had obtained in a search was not permitted into evidence in a succeeding criminal trial. The security officer had no law enforcement association and had not functioned as indicated by police orders or in a dual operation with the police. In the court’s perspective he had assumed a public function. <p class="MsoNormal" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">This California court affirmed unambiguously that the fact that a private citizen carries out a citizen’s arrest does not involuntarily change this person into a representative of the state. Acquiring the subsequent step, the court discovered no proof that the security officers concerned had taken part in a dual operation with the state. The security people had made a decision to make an arrest on their own accord and in no means performed themselves as law enforcement officers. The court took notice of the information that the security guards were taught under state directives to recognize that they were not police officers and did not possess the similar responsibilities as police officers. The security people had at no time emphasized and affirmed the authority of the state and as a result, evidence they had obtained in a search was permitted into evidence. The California courts further obscured the previous case of “Zelinski” in “In Re Christopher H.” in 1991 and permitted the evidence acquired by private security personnel into evidence in a criminal trial. Nevertheless, there are similarly many instances where off-duty police officers are employed as security guards by private institutions. This is similar to what took place. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals took account of a Section 1983 damages case in which the actions of an off-duty policeman working in a store as a security guard granted the connection to state action. In reaction to an apparent shoplifting event, the guard-officer displayed his badge, acknowledged himself as a police officer and carried out an apprehension of a suspect for shoplifting. An argument came about and local police appeared on the scene. Anchored on the account of the officer-guard, the police took into detention the suspected shoplifter and a couple of his brothers who had joined the dispute. When it came to it, the shoplifting suspect actually had not shoplifted. The three brothers charged for a suit, among other things, a Section 1983 court action in opposition to the store, the guard-officer, the local police, and the city on the argument they were dispossessed of due process of law, a federally protected entitlement, by the joint acts of the private parties and law enforcement officers. The court declared that the store was not legally responsible for a civil rights infringement basically because it provided work for the off-duty officer as a guard, but it came to a dissimilar termination when it examined the guard-officer’s behavior. He had displayed his badge, acknowledged himself as a police officer functioning as a guard, completed his paperwork at the police station, and deemed filing charges in opposition to one of the suspects for assault on a police officer. This was enough in the court’s perspective to ascertain his status as a state actor. The court may perhaps then have tested to observe if there was a rightful state policy that had been neglected. The court discontinued at this instant in its examination of the guard-officer’s actions and changed to a new point. It stated that even supposing that the guard-officer had not adhered on a police function there was enough evidence of dual activity to pass the Lugar tests. The court then paid attention on the police policy of acknowledging the merchant’s arguments at face value and not carrying out a self-determining investigation prior to carrying out the arrest. To the extent that the court was troubled this policy permitted a private citizen like a security officer or store manager to replace with his or her decision for that of the police. Such accommodating act involving the police and a private party was enough to make the store and guard-officer parties proceeding under color of state law even supposing if the guard-officer had not took action as a policeman. <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">The point is that there has to be collaboration involving private security and law enforcement but that collaboration is supposed to not widen to circumstances in which private security individuals work out judgments that are supposed to be exclusively within the region of law enforcement. Disconnected and with the exception of the joint appointment with law enforcement features, the case of Lusby is supposed to be kept in mind for the reason of its examination of the position of an off-duty police officer working as a guard. How much police-type action is essential to weigh on the direction state action is a complicated decision, but in state action was established when a bank guard reacted to an issue as a police officer by recognizing himself as such and revealing his police identification. In no state action was established when an officer made no deception that he was performing a task under color of state law. An element of the trouble in was that nobody in organization ever said to the guard- officer what his function was. <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"> <p style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Conclusion The paper has presented the blurring line that distinguishes the role of the private security officer and the police officer. The discussions established that private security personnel and those in law enforcement relate rather comparable but essentially dissimilar trades. The law acknowledges these dissimilarities and allots legal burdens for that reason. If private security takes on the function of law enforcement, the courts will dispense it law enforcement burdens. Private security, in that case, has to contemplate such elements as probable cause, warrants. Being familiar with and understanding the dissimilarities involving private security and law enforcement is an important step in carrying out sensible security decisions that is connected with the trade of putting into effect the regulations of private companies, not the criminal law. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

police

Introduction For a lot of individuals, the “police” are uniformed public servants, usually carrying weapons, mandated with implementin...