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The Use of Electronic Workflow System (EWS) in Manaufacturing

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Use of EWS in Manufacturing Discussion of the Research Question This project aims to know the effects of implementing EWS on the cost of production of manufacturing sector in Hong Kong and in the process, investigate the cost-effectiveness of using EWS. Through the said research question, the effects of EWS to the manufacturing system in Hong Kong will be known. Moreover, a better understanding of EWS can be seen and its importance in a company can be realized more, as well as the analysis of what EWS can do and how EWS improves the companies’ status.   Brief Overview on the use of EWS Electronic workflow system is becoming more and more popular in Hong Kong. Electronic workflow systems are software systems that are used as support for coordinating complex business processes (Degnan, 1999). This enables the execution of different processes more coordinated between members of the organization. The execution of processes through automated systems enable the company to cut down several steps in the production and thus enhancing their efficiency and lowering associated cost related to low value activities (Casati et.al. 1999; Davis, 2000). The process of implementing workflow systems could be costly for the company (Cole-Gomolski, 1997). However, the cost-savings through time would definitely outweigh the cost of acquiring the program and the cost of implementation (McCauseland, 2002).   Perceived Benefits of EWS Although EWS can cause the company with some financial problems, it may give the company cost-savings and through time, it can outweigh the cost of acquiring the program and the cost of implementation. Through EWS, the company’s in Hong Kong can gain advantage against their competitors and increase its profitability and upgrade the market status it has. Another, through EWS, more clients can be attracted to avail of the services and products of companies.  Lastly, through EWS, the company can improve the work status of the employees within the company.   Aims and Objectives of the Study The main aim of this project is to assess and determine the impact of EWS on cost production in the manufacturing companies.   Objectives A.     To provide an evaluation of the cost-savings that could be realized through the implementation of EWS. B.     To assess the cost of investment for manufacturing companies implementing EWS. C.    To assess how productivity and profit would be affected through the EWS. D.    To evaluate software features that manufacturing companies believed to be essential for the success of EWS. E.     To realize some challenges that may occur in implementing EWS and how this would affect the realization of cost savings.   Chapter 2 Literature Review The Emerging Trends in the Use of EWS One of the trends in the use of EWS is it introduces new solutions on businesses. As mentioned in the article from Business Wire (1995 February 7),  an electronic workflow system will be introduced to speed mortgage application processing and cut paperwork and costs, while enabling the company to offer a more responsive service to its home finance customers. The productivity of the 200-plus team of underwriters at InterMortgage which is UK’s Barclays Bank’s home mortgage operation will be increased by up to 40 percent, with a significant impact on turnaround times. Electronic imaging technology will play a major role in making InterMortgage a paperless environment, allowing processing teams to monitor the status of each application and staff and the capability to redirect files instantly to any processing team’s workstation.   Different Software and Hardware used and costs In EWS, different software and hardware are used. One of the hardware used is networking materials; this technology makes sure that communication takes place in the company. Another material used is the personal computers that are the main materials used in running the software. On the other hand, the software used is specialized programs that enable the idea of EWS to transpire. These specialized programs are in a way the heart of EWS while the computers are the hands that can be instrumental in making the system work. The costs that will be used for such can be a big thing for the company depending on how advanced the software and the hardware is and depending on how far or near these materials can come from. The investment costs may be a bit too much for the company but the rewards that the company will receive from this will last for longer periods of time and it can boost not only the status of the company but the morale of its employees.   Assessments Used to Evaluate the Impact of EWS: its cost and its benefits To evaluate EWS, different tools can be used. One tool is the figures the company has. Through analysis of the income and the revenue of the company, the impact of EWS can be known. Increase in income and revenue means the impact of EWS is so effective while a decrease in income and revenue means that EWS has not done anything that can create changes to the company. Another tool to assess the impact of EWS is the influx of customer the company has. More clients mean that the EWS is doing good things while lesser clients mean that EWS is not affecting the company.   EWS can create huge costs for the company since it involves the use of too many resources and it may involve other companies that have to be paid. This cost may be replaced by the benefits that the company may get in the future. The cost that a company might have is only for a shorter period of time unlike the benefits it may have  as a long term effect and these effects might be vital for the company in the future. EWS can also be a source of cost for the company but can be helpful in the end.   Chapter 3 Research Design Methods of Collecting Data Data will be collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data will come from the survey and interviews conducted with the employees of the two companies. Secondary data will be acquired from the related books, journals, newspaper, magazine articles, and monetary analysis of both companies.   Methods of Processing Data Data acquired from the primary and secondary data will then be read, understood, and analyzed to gather information that can give benefits to the study. The result of the survey and interview’s will then be tallied and compacted for proper analysis and gathering of needed information.   Presentation of Data Data will be presented in a short but clear way. Through such presentation, clearer understanding of the situation and its effects can be made, the needed information can be gathered from the data to make an analysis out of it and afterwards make a proper conclusion and recommendation. Such is done so that lesser time will be wasted and more analysis on the study can be done.   Chapter 4 Evaluation Results of Processing of Data and findings The data showed how EWS changed the two companies. Through the information acquired, the effects of EWS can be seen visibly and it proved how valuable the system was to companies. The information described the things that happened before the company had EWS and after the company had EWS. The data gathered from monetary assessment helps in understanding how vital EWS is to companies. The data also proves what happens to the growth of a company when EWS is use. Both companies during the implementation of EWS had to use huge costs but afterwards cost savings were seen. Labor production increased with lesser people doing the labor. Both companies don’t have to hire more employees. Both companies increased the clients they have thus; they don’t have to use promotional materials. Lastly, both companies don’t have to purchase repeatedly new materials.    Chapter 5 Conclusions    Generalizations on the Cost-Savings Realized Cost Savings is good for the company; it maintains the stability of the company and it gives advantage over its rivals. Cost savings gives company a longer life. It also makes the company achieve its goals and desires. Lastly, cost savings help the company increase the kind of product it offer and the way it serves its clients. As cost saving happens in the company, the way clients are served can be given more focus thus it tends to increase.   Features of Software Vital to the Cost-Savings The software had lesser errors. Lesser error means that time will not be consumed thus cost savings may arise out of it. The software does not need more than one operator thus the company does not need to hire more employees. The software costs less maintenance and it does not have to be maintained regularly and no costs can be released from that. Lastly, the software is easily upgraded so that bugs and other problems can be fixed ahead of time.   Differences between Late Adopters of EWS and Old Adopters The late adapters of EWS will feel its effects in a later time, while the old adapters of the EWS can feel its effects earlier. The late adapters may have an upgraded and high technology EWS while the old adapters might not have such features but they can still upgrade their EWS.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Use of Electronic Workflow System (EWS) in Manaufacturing

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Use of EWS in Manufacturing Discussion of the Research Question This project aims to know the e...

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION   Health and safety are important responsibilities that every industry must consider. Health and safety are serious risks that companies face. These risks directly and indirectly affect business operations. Consequently, for a company to grow and prosper, it is pertinent that risks are effectively managed, because by managing business risks, an organization’s health, assets and opportunities will be secured and taken full advantage of (Kubitscheck, 2000).  Logically, the oil and gas industry is one of the riskiest industries when it comes to health and safety of employees. Interruptions in oil production caused by fires and accidents easily lead to significant economic losses, and potential hazards to humans and the environment (Ahlang, 2005). Employees are also endangered to infectious disease, foodborne/waterborne illness, and wildlife and vector induced disease (Markussen, 2003). Working in oil refineries basically exposes employees to benzene and Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material or NORM – substances that are dangerous to health (Markussen, 2003).   There is an abundance of literature that discusses these occupational health and safety issues in the oil and gas industry. The aim of this study is to expand that issue by collating and reviewing useful and related literatures. It also aims to identify the different safety and health management policies that oil and gas companies in the UK implements. Determining the different safety and health problems and the types of policies to counter those is helpful in drawing an overall picture of the situation, enabling the researcher to provide recommendations on how safety and health management can be improved in oil and gas companies in the UK.   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                 The oil and gas industry faces many criticisms when it comes to health and safety of its employees. This is due to the numerous activities within the industry that include chemical use for various processes (Cottle and Guidotti, 1990). These include: drilling, cementing, completion, stimulation, and production (Cottle and Guidotti, 1990). The occupational hazards of exposure to these agents have received little attention, as well as the types of health and safety strategies that firms implement. Thus, this study will identify descriptively the occupational safety and health issues in the oil and gas industry and the policies that the companies use.               The study will try to answer the following questions:   1.                  What are the health and safety issues in the oil and gas industry? 2.                  What are the health and safety policies that oil and gas companies implement? 3.                  What are the challenges that oil and gas companies face in the prevention of hazards and accidents? 4.                  What can be recommended to improve the health and safety practices in the oil and gas industry?   AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                 The aim of the study is to identify the health and safety issues in the oil and gas industry through descriptive research. Its aim is to develop new insights about how the industry handles health and safety issues, and how effective are their policies.               The study will address the following objectives: 1.                  Conduct a comprehensive literature search on the different health and safety issues in the oil and gas industry, including the dangerous chemicals involve and other hazards. 2.                  Conduct an interview on oil and gas industry managers and ask them about the different policies they implement to promote health and safety within their workplace. 3.                  To categorize the data collected and analyze them using statistical and non-statistical means. 4.                  To provide recommendations about how the health and safety policies of oil and gas companies in the UK can be improved.   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                 The results that will be collated from this study may be useful in improving the health and safety practice of oil and gas companies. Because this study will provide descriptive knowledge, oil and gas companies in the UK will have a solid reference, to which they can use as a guide to improve their health and safety practices.               The results of the study may also find some new issues concerning health and safety practices in the oil and gas industry, which may lead to future research.   SUMMARY OF LITERATURE                 One of the most related literatures for this study is the research entitled: “Process chemicals in the oil and gas industry: potential occupational hazards” (Cottle and Guidotti, 1990). In this research, Cottle and Guidotti (1990), reviewed various processes in the industry, the type of chemicals used in each process, and some of their characteristics. However, the research emphasized more on those which significant toxicity has been established or is suspected, and those on which there is incomplete information on their chemistry and health hazards.               Another related literature that may be useful in the study is the study of Fuller and Bassie (2001) entitled: “Benchmarking the safety climates of employees and contractors working within a partnership arrangement: A case study in the offshore oil industry”. The research strategy used in this research was case study, which reports a benchmark assessment of employee and contractor’s safety climates in an offshore oil company that operated contractor partnership agreements in the North Sea. In summary, the results obtained indicated that safety climates could be aligned in organizations that operate partnership agreements within a recognized health and safety management system (Fuller and Bassie, 2001). Verma, Johnson and McLean (2000) conducted a study about the benzene and total hydrocarbon exposures in the upstream petroleum oil and gas industry and found several safety concern issues. The study was based on the Canadian Oil and Gas Industry, and a total of 1547 air samples taken by 5 oil companies in various sectors (i.e., conventional oil/gas, conventional gas, heavy oil processing, drilling and pipelines) were evaluated and summarized. Although the study was not focused in the oil and gas industry in Saudi Arabia, it still provided results that can be generalized for the whole oil and gas industry around the world. For instance, it was found that the percentage of samples are over the occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 3.2 mg/m3 or one part per million for benzene, for personal long-term samples ranges from 0 to 0.7% in the different sectors, and area long-term samples range from 0 to 13%. On the other hand, for short-term personal samples, the exceedance for benzene is at 5% with respect to the OEL of 16 mg/m3 or five parts per million in the conventional gas sector and none in the remaining sectors. The findings helped establish a precaution to the global oil and gas industry that certain operations such as glycol dehydrators be carefully monitored and that a task-based monitoring program be included along with the traditional long- and short-term personal exposure sampling.             Another study that reflects the safety procedures in the oil and gas industry in general is the study conducted by Fuller and Vassie (2001), which reports a benchmark assessment of employee and contractor safety climates in an offshore oil company that operated contractor partnership agreements in the North Sea. Questionnaires were used in the study to assess safety climates in terms of employees’ and contractors’ perceptions of safety management, workplace conditions and safety concerns. The results showed that safety climates could be aligned in organizations that operate partnership agreements within a recognized health and safety management system. Fuller and Vassie (2001) suggested that the approach presented is appropriate for benchmarking safety climates before and after partnership arrangements have been established in order to determine the level of cultural alignment that has been achieved. Markussen (2003) enumerated several effects on employee’s health that a geological survey/seismic operation can produce. Employees are endangered of infectious disease; foodborne/waterborne illness; wildlife & vector; induced disease; and noise. On the other hand, oil and gas production causes chemical and physical agent exposure, specifically on drilling mud; petroleum products; treatment chemicals; radioactive sources; NORM*; solvents; metals; temperature (heat/cold); silica/asbestos; noise/vibration; and PCB’s. Markussen (2003) concluded that all risks must be identified and managed through wisely incorporated resources in order for quality operations to be long lasting. Al Khafji Joint Operations is one of the known oil and gas companies in Saudi Arabia. In the Annual Safety Report 2005 of Al Khafji Joint Operations (2006), the company made some improvements such as the Inspection Equipment Program, Project Monitoring, and Modification of Permit to Work System. There was also a company-wide safety campaign program, updating of emergency response team and plan, evacuation drills and safety and fire training. The company has medical services ready in case of emergency. The medical facility of KJO is equipped with modern technologies and trained nurses and doctors (KJO, 2006). The company also has a program for employees that empower them to share their views and opinions on health and safety issues in the company.  KJO also takes importance in monitoring and preventing oil spills. The following are the “spill readiness” strategy of KJO: ensure that company response to oil spills is prompt, efficient and cost-effective; ensure company readiness and response to oil spills through training courses and drills; monitor, evaluate and advise on national and international oil spill legislation; assure the continual development and update of oil spill contingency plans; to analyze the environmental impacts during an oil spill and to advise on the most suitable response option to be applied; and perform routine (and during oil spills) inspection duties in the offshore area and the beach areas. The company also implements a waste management plan on spills, as well as initiatives on preventing air and water pollution (KJO, 2006). Another oil and gas company in Saudi Arabia that takes importance on safety and health issues is the Saudi Aramco. For instance, the company’s health plans for its employees come in three folds: primary prevention; secondary prevention; and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves food and water sanitation, immunization against communicable diseases, and water fluoridation. Secondary prevention involves screening programs, such as neonatal examinations for congenital hip dislocation, periodic mammography, glaucoma, blood pressure screening, etc. Also, occupational screening programs are performed, which include hearing conservation (audiometric testing), pulmonary protection (asbestos, silica mitigation), and radiation protection. Finally, tertiary prevention involves minimizing the complications of a disease or injury (Saudi Arabian Oil Company, 2006). In terms of waste management, Saudi Aramco has constructed several industrial waste treatment plants, which include separators to treat oily water, landfarms to treat oily sludge, dedicated asbestos disposal areas, and on-site oxidation of pyrophoric waste (Saudi Arabian Oil Company, 2006). The company also invests on recycling and contingency plans to prevent oil spills. Also, like KJO, Saudi Aramco takes importance on the air and water conditions in its vicinity. Air and water pollution plans are also being implemented to ensure that employees are free from the dangers brought by such pollutions.   SUMMARY OF PROPOSED METHODOLOGY                 The research will be using descriptive research. Research strategies that will be used include case study, interviews and literature search. The study plans to interview the managers of oil and gas companies in the UK to determine safety and health issues, as well as their standard policies toward it. Two oil and gas industries will also be covered for the case study, and an in-depth literature review will be performed.   SUMMARY OF EXPECTED OUTCOMES                 The proposal hopes to reveal the different problems of the oil and gas companies in the UK when it comes to health and safety issues. This may include the different legislations that companies have to follow, the different areas within oil and gas companies that require extra attention for health and safety purposes, the different chemicals that may have harmful effects to employees, etc. It is expected that the study will give unique answers from each respondents, depending on the size of their company, as well as their daily operations.                                     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION Health and safety are important responsibilities that every industry must consider. Health and safety are serious risks ...

Growth and Development in ECE

Abstract             In this literature review present a survey of the studies on child development particularly on language development. The studies presented in this review all employed quantitative method of research. That is why quantitative method was also assessed. It is evident that the researches in child development present the main concerns and methodological tendencies were there in the early stage of their development. It seems that most methodical efforts to study child development and their behavior centered basically on particular traits and capacity. There have been studies on child development that focused on the language development of a child. Most of these studies used a variety of methods in examining a child’s sentence formation, normally samples of all-day conversations of advanced children. conducted a vocabulary test and tried to evaluate a 1-hr discussions of nursery-school children, however the groups cannot be considered to be a representative of the population.             Investigated and studied the language development of a child. They have series of continuous discussions of a large population of children that were randomly chosen. The studies carefully evaluated the different factors of a child’s language development, the importance of language in the child’s life, the changes in the length of sentences, the complexity of sentence structure and the proportions of the different parts of speech that occur in the material. Both studies employed quantitative research. They conducted observation individually in a child’s home, a place that is very familiar to a child, like his classroom. They recorded verbal responses for each child and gave sample of the child’s stage of linguistic development in a relatively short period of time.             Another study also used quantitative method in examining a child’s use of words to communicate his ideas to others. The study proved that in eighteen months, a child could communicate with the people around him only by crying and gestures. At the age of four a child is very sociable through using language to communicate his needs and desires, both physically and intellectually. Studies employing quantitative methods has conventionally centered on either infancy or preschool age of a child. There are two significant views on development emerged. However, these studies with preschoolers have painted the errors and failures of children in this age level. Some researchers concluded that quantitative method is limited in studying child development.             Children are often the “victims” of child development research. In order to avoid this, researchers must impose ethical consideration before administering their studies. So far, all studies above seek the consents of their respondents’ parents and school administrators. They informed them the following: the nature of research and the possible risks of the research.              Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Growth and Development in ECE

Abstract In this literature review present a survey of the studies on child development particularly on language developm...

Growth and Development in Early Childhood Education (ECE)

Abstract   According to some theorists, the early childhood development of a child depends on the structure and culture where his family belongs. The affluent diversity of family distinctiveness reflects the ways that diverse cultural groups have adapted to challenges and life experiences throughout history. Child abuse and neglect is a widespread social problem that affects all types of family structure and all segments of the population, regardless of individual differences in cultural background, geographic location, or economic status. This literature review also explored and assessed the different studies and researches about child development that utilized both qualitative and quantitative met.   Early Childhood Development from a Multicultural Perspective   Children differ in growth partially since they have diverse family practice. Culture recurrently forms how children are raised (Curtis: 2003). Families in one culture may see children as weak and requiring shield; while the other families may think children as tough and courageous. So, many diverse methods in caring for children materialize. The structure of the family is different as well. The form of a family in one culture may be different in another culture. There are families that sometimes grandparents, siblings and even friends live in their home and yet still play a critical role and takes responsibilities of child care. The affluent diversity of family distinctiveness reflects the ways that diverse cultural groups have adapted to challenges and life experiences throughout history. Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse and neglect is a widespread social problem that affects all types of family structure and all segments of the population, regardless of individual differences in cultural background, geographic location, or economic status. However, as discussed in later sections, some groups are at greater risk of child abuse and neglect than others. For example, the poor, uneducated, and young have been considered most vulnerable (Schwartz: 2000). Based on some conservative estimates, one to six million children are abused and neglected each year in the United States.               The devastating impact of child maltreatment on individuals, families, and society at large is well documented in empirical and clinical studies (Schwartz: 2000). Many serious long-term effects have been linked to child maltreatment, including mental retardation, intellectual and intelligence handicaps, impaired aggressive impulse control, diminished ego competency, reduced reality testing, and poor interpersonal relationships.               Child maltreatment results in increased antisocial activities. Maltreated children have more serious personal problems and engage in more antisocial activities and violence toward themselves and others (Schwartz: 2000). When older, they end up in juvenile and adult correctional facilities at higher rates than children from the general population. It is evident that child abuse and neglect is a problem that affects not only the individuals and families directly involved, but all sectors of society. Therefore, in order to deal with this problem, it is necessary for all professionals from all aspects of human ecology (individual, family, community, society, and world) to become involved.   Child Development Research   Early childhood takes in children  from birth to about the age of eight, and research in this area involves studies of young children in educational contexts and  a variety of day care and preschool settings (Hatch:2002). Traditionally, research in early childhood has been dominated by quantitative approaches with roots in developmental and behavioral psychology. Over the past decade, qualitative methods have been more widely used and accepted, and interest in qualitative approaches has grown rapidly. Anthropologists, sociologists, sociolinguists, and some social psychologists who trained in qualitative methods have studied enculturation, socialization, behavior within institutions, language development, and other phenomena associated with young children (Naughton:2001) . Fewer studies have been done by researchers whose interest is primarily in early childhood education and care, and these researchers are applying methods adapted from other fields with longer histories of qualitative work. This is not surprising, but it does point out a limitation in the scope of the research base and signals an opportunity for enriching what is known about early childhood settings. Bridgemohan for instance studied Parent’s Involvement and Communication in the Early Development Phase in South Africa using qualitative methods. The primary objective of this study is to describe communication as an aspect of home-school relationships in the ECE phase. The research was designed to be exploratory and descriptive and thus no attempts were made to establish the cause and affect relationships under experimental conditions. Because two of the researchers in this study are involved in the training of educators for the Reception year, a decision was taken to conduct the research on home-school and school-home communication in the ECE phase within Grade R classes attached to primary schools. The research was conducted during a three month period in three multi-cultural public primary schools (which include Grade R classes) in an urban area in KwaZulu-Natal. Methods of data gathering included observation and in-depth interviews with the principals of the three schools, as well as three focus group interviews with educators and three with parents. In total three principals, nine educators and nine parents were interviewed. The small sample is common in qualitative research where the aim is depth not breath. Likewise, although the findings cannot be generalized, they do alert one to the practice of home-to-school and school-to-home communication within the ECE phase in a small sample of South African schools. The complex and often idiosyncratic nature of the methods and the narrative style of findings  from qualitative studies make using the traditional format for reporting quantitative work awkward at best (Roskos:2000). In quantitative studies, research designs, sampling strategies, and statistical analysis procedures have been standardized and codified in ways that make it possible to summarize these in very few words. Similarly, findings are reported using terms and numbers that are relatively brief and straightforward (at least to those inside the quantitative research community). Qualitative methods are frequently adapted to the settings under investigation, and questions often emerge or change as studies progress, making codified descriptions of data gathering and analysis procedures difficult. Further, since understanding the contexts of a study is essential in interpreting the findings of a qualitative report, collapsing these into a few words in a review can distort important meanings generated in the study. Finally, since qualitative findings are descriptive in nature, shorthand versions like those found in traditional reviews of research are likely to leave out  a great deal of the descriptive power.                               Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Growth and Development in Early Childhood Education (ECE)

Abstract According to some theorists, the early childhood development of a child depends on the structure and culture where his family ...

The Rational of a Good Human Resource Management Strategic Planning

The rationale of a good Human Resource Management (HRM) strategic planning is basically present in order to recruit, select, motivate and retain employees with the required characteristics for the business company success, the ability to work in groups and have the quantitative skills respectively (Deshpande and Golhar 1994). Research studies in most countries which are investigating HRM issues for small business as well as company expansions has been focusing and integrating HRM approaches such as selection, training and development, compensation as well as industrial relations. As Gatewood and Field (1987) propose a model selection program for small business expansions as Curran (1988) suggests several training strategies for the desired business. Fowler and Murlis (1989) present compensation systems as Finney (1987) and Smith (1991) noted personnel challenges faced by HRM managers and propose various strategies for effective HRM practices. Moreover, Ng and Maki (1993) found out that the main difference in company expansion in lieu to human strategic planning greatly implies better employee recruitment and career assessment measures. Morissette (1993) reports a considerable wage difference in terms of company expansion. Hornsby and Kuratko (1990) identify selection and retention of a quality workforce as the most important HRM issue for small and expanding firms. Thus, Amba-Rao and Pendse’s (1985) investigation of compensation practices to the workforce characteristics as it is essential to know whether HRM practices of expanding business between firms differ in ways and functionality range. Furthermore, such recruitment strategies to be of use for expanding business indicate that companies provide qualified employees an opportunity to obtain better jobs within the organization. It may also indicate a sense of commitment to the employee career growth and development (Dessler and Turner 1992). Henceforth, in the human resource management, the inertia of institutional structures is to inhibit the application of new management prescriptions within the existing legal rules and political conditions. This is due to the fact that human resource management practices are focus to distinctive sets of nationwide regulations to the analysis of labor unions whose strength and attitudes toward management diverge. Hence, opposing to what is postulated in the logically leaning, rigid literature, which assumes high managerial autonomy (Shaw, 1993; Dessler, 1997) as human resource management is an organizational practice that is basically sensitive to the expansion pressures. Moreover, different types of human resource management practices may be determined to a considerable quantity by the crucial of maintaining peripheral authority through adherence to the company expansion arrangement, systems as well as standards as the consequence of disparate general situations per se.  This literature review challenges that the lack of strategic human resource and business planning could be the main weakness within the implementation of business expansion process relating to such needed HR initiatives like for instance, total quality management as it is evident that strategic planning companies due to expansion will achieve better performance than other business company. However, strategic planning has tendency to be a failure because of problems and of barriers being encountered at the expansion stage. The management needs to consider ways of attaining better suitability of human resource strategic planning as the key to eliminating and or reducing expansion barriers in relation to staff employee and management composition through evaluating the area to which the expansion obstacles could be knowledgeable in formal strategic resource planning companies. There needs to examine the extent to which the difficulties are visible by the performing and expanding companies and firms. In addition, in holding to the newest standards in employee recruitment and selection then the human resource areas will have to serve as the companies’ staff and employees training center. HR department is essential within expanding companies due to the fact that HR management are in charge of managing people as some people will argue that human resource “HR” departments are an expanding company’s most valuable division as their approach and association can set the tone for the entire business expansion knowing the reality that the understanding of such ways of the HR processes do really reflects the essential function and role to the business owners amicably. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Rational of a Good Human Resource Management Strategic Planning

The rationale of a good Human Resource Management (HRM) strategic planning is basically present in order to recruit, select, motivate and re...

Customer Care Project

Customer Care Project

Satisfaction of Intrinsic or Extrinsic Needs

Introduction   It is fairly clear that an understanding of how people express their emotions and what these expressions mean is important and sometimes essential for normal social interaction. Most people are extremely interested in what others think and feel about them, and they watch others’ behavior closely (at least in the initial encounters). Many friendships have developed because positive feelings have been inferred. Other relationships have been strained, broken, or even terminated because of misinterpretations of expressive gestures and behavior. While many of human would like to bypass the normal channels of verbal and nonverbal communication and simply read each other’s minds, we obviously cannot and are forced to make attributions about emotions on the basis of cues that are often unclear, ambiguous, or even deceptive.   Although an understanding of how emotions are expressed will not allow people to read minds, it will allow making the best use of the only immediate information available — expressive behavior. People may still be wrong in judgments of other people. But at least will people more aware of how the judgments were made and better able to correct our impressions when provided with new information.               Basically, this chapter discussed in detail the research proposal on the relationship between body language and emotional expressions as an expression of the frustration or satisfaction of intrinsic or extrinsic needs. In particular, this research focused on identifying the empirical evidence that body language and emotional expressions are variables that directly affects the frustration or satisfaction of an individual in intrinsic or extrinsic needs. In this chapter, the related literature, context and theme of the study are presented” the objectives of the study and the research statement are formulated. Here, vital concepts, questions and assumptions are stated. Finally, the scope and limitations of the study and its significance are also discussed.   Background of the Study   Individual often use strong language not to express a powerful emotion but to evoke it in others.  Basically, emotions are caused by one’s thoughts. It is triggered by one’s thoughts and programmed by one’s thoughts. Emotional expression is often treated as an aspect of verbal and nonverbal communication. People can use words to tell others how they feel, but they also convey emotions through their tone of voice and through nonverbal channels such as touch, facial expressions, body movements, and posture. The idea that emotions are deliberately communicated to others through expressive behavior can be misleading, but it provides a convenient starting point from which to define terms and limit the area of discussion.   A minimal model of communication consists of a messenger, a message, and a recipient. Emotional expression is concerned with the messenger and the message. The recipient of the message is the focus of a special area of social psychology known as person perception. Person perception is concerned with the one who receives the message and factors leading to or preventing an accurate interpretation of the information. Although expressive behavior and person perception can be viewed as different aspects of a single process of communication, the emphasis in the present work is primarily on expressive behavior and, more specifically, emotional expression.   One of the major problems associated with emotional expression is that few behaviors are concerned exclusively with emotions. Behaviors usually have a multitude of meanings in which the emotional aspect is only one component. Eye contact, for example, is used during speech to regulate the back-and-forth flow of conversation, but it also expresses interpersonal attitudes such as hostility and attraction. Language is used to communicate ideas, but it also includes features that express the speaker’s feelings about the message, the conversation, and the person being addressed. A person’s facial expression, body stance, and posture provide information about relatively stable characteristics (such as social status, occupation, and personality) as well as more temporary states such as emotion and mood. Even instrumental acts such as walking or closing a door may have expressive overtones. Not only are many messages being expressed simultaneously but the same behavior often has several meanings. Emotional messages may predominate in some encounters (such as fighting or love making) but they are frequently subsidiary to other messages occurring at the same time.   Actually, engaging in discussions and arguments about books, literature and other works is a very common form of expression or human interaction, something human beings routinely carry out for pleasure in public conversations or read about in the newspapers. Basically, it stems from a human desire to engage imaginations in other people’s visions of the world, to discuss them with others, and to evaluate them, especially in conversations.   On the other hand, people think of body movements as communicative events, most of individuals are likely to get rather dramatic in their fantasies. A phrase that comes readily to mind is “body language,” and there has even been a book from the popular press with that phrase as its title (Fast, 1970). The topic has everything: the hope of reading the romantic intentions of one’s girl- or boyfriend, the adventure of outsmarting a shrewd salesman, the sure thing of predicting the next move of a poker-faced gambler, the surprise of “reading through” the white lies of one’s friends, the advantage of knowing what a prospective employer wants to hear.   Everybody knows, of course, that these fantasies are fantasies, that nobody can make an individual invisible and listen in on forbidden conversations. And yet there is a lot of truth in the notion that people communicate in many different ways, by words, by tone of voice, by facial expressions, by body movements, by the use of the physical space between one person and another, even by certain psychophysiological responses like blushing and speed or depth of breathing. We are constantly reading each other, or trying to, using all the information we can get, and we can get it from a lot more sources than just the words that pass between us. Basically, there are many other communication media, such as facial expressions, and the principles by which this research is organized are general ones and could be applied to those behaviors as well.               According to Bandura (1986, 1997) people regulate their behavior by rewarding themselves when they meet standards and by withholding rewards or administering punishments when they do not. The motivational effects of goals, then, derive primarily from the anticipation of these self-administered rewards. Bandura also suggested that these performance standards are socially influenced and argued that the observation of model self-reinforcement fosters the transmission of these standards from model to observer. Given the research on observed self-reinforcement, it would follow that actually observing the self-reinforcement behavior of the model would enhance the effect of the model performance.   Purpose of the Study               Generally, the purpose of the research is to examine the relationship of body language and emotional expression to the expression of frustration or satisfaction of individuals intrinsic and extrinsic needs. The research will also conduct a phenomenological method of interviews and surveys with subsequent thematic analysis of the data from which the researcher could get information and empirical evidence from the academe. Moreover, this study would review relevant literature on the same topic. Based on the preliminary review of literature, the researcher assumed that self efficacy and human performance are correlated.   Objective of the Study               The study will attempt to prove if one can make a difference between the various kinds of motivation and between the satisfaction and frustration of a motivation based on expressions. Basically, this paper aims to study the impact of body language and emotional expression to the expression of frustration or satisfaction of individuals’ intrinsic and extrinsic needs by reviewing related articles and conducting survey and interview to knowledgeable individuals such as teachers, students and psychologists.               The primary objective of this study is to examine and determine the perception of teachers, students and psychologists regarding the topic. To address this objective, the researcher explores the nature of emotions, frustrations, satisfaction and human behavior.               The objectives of this study will be to:   1.      Identify the factors in that body language and emotional expression. 2.      Determine if respondents’ perception about frustration or satisfaction of individuals’ intrinsic and extrinsic needs are directly related to his/her body language and emotional expression. 3.      Determine if body language and emotional expression have significant effect to human behavior.   Apparently, a survey is conducted to the teachers, students and psychologists. An interview takes place to know the factors affecting human body language and emotional expression. Finally, this research comes up with pertinent findings and provides insightful recommendations for the progress of the academe.     Research Question and Null Hypothesis               The focus of this problem is to establish and determine the relationship of body language and emotional expression to the expression of frustration or satisfaction of individuals intrinsic and extrinsic needs. Currently, there are limited studies that provide definitive answer regarding the topic. The researcher is hopeful that this research will yield significant result in terms of correlation of body language and emotional expression to expression of frustration or satisfaction of an individual. Thus, the study will work on the following hypothesis “Expression of frustration or satisfaction of individuals’ intrinsic and extrinsic needs has significant relationship to his/her body language and emotional expression.”               This study will attempt to answer the following questions:   <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> What are the related factors affecting human body language and emotional expression?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> What is the degree of impact of expression of frustration or satisfaction of individuals’ intrinsic and extrinsic needs to body language and emotional expression?</li>   Significance of the Study               This study will be a significant endeavor in determining the patterns of body language and emotional expressions as an expression of frustration or satisfaction. Moreover this research will provide recommendations on how to improve and evaluate the behavior of an individual. Actually, this study seeks to contribute to the literature by conducting a study involving the students, teachers and psychologists by assessing the patterns of body language and emotional expressions. Furthermore, by examining the effects of frustration or satisfaction to an individual, the researcher aims to validate the claim by other researchers that body language and emotional expressions is significantly related to effects of frustration or satisfaction received by the individual.               In general, there were three sustainability factors to consider and they are the individual’s development and engagement, environmental focus and socio-economic development.  In determining the pattern of body language and emotional expression of an individual, one must be aware of the factors and these will serve as guide in determining human behavior and feelings.               Scope and Limitation of the Study               This study will determine the various challenges that self efficacy and human performance had encountered. These challenges will be discussed and analyzed. This study will also gather pertinent data. Challenges and problems in the field of education              References:   Bandura, A. ( 1986 ). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura, A. ( 1997 ). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Fast, J. (1970). Body language. New York, NY: MJF Books. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Satisfaction of Intrinsic or Extrinsic Needs

Introduction It is fairly clear that an understanding of how people express their emotions and what these expressions mean is impor...

The research Paper

The Assignment                                                              This paper will be argumentative paper: you will take a position on the issue you have chosen and then convince your readers your position is sound by citing outside evidence. You might use description, narration, cause/effect, illustration, and s on in developing a sound argument. You might appeal to your readers’ emotions, but you will carry your argument only by using logical, recent, sound sources. The issue need not be controversial. In your paper suppose to have at least six sources.         Your paper must be properly documented according to MLA guidelines. Plagiarized papers will receive an F. 1.     A main idea (thesis) must have the word “should” or “should not” in the thesis statement. 2.     At least three of your sources need to be periodicals that are scholarly or peer reviewed. For other sources you find via internet, be very careful to keep track of where the information came from. Of great importance here is that you evaluate carefully the information and its source to verify its soundness. Make sure you can verify or that the source is impeccable and respected. 3.     Part of your research must include at least two interview with a person who has special or expert knowledge or experience related to your topic. Information obtained from one interview must appear in the body of your paper or you will be docked one whole grade on you paper.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The research Paper

The Assignment This paper will be argumentative paper: you will take a positi...

Methods of Research Used

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Internet banking refers to the utilization of the Internet for performing transactions and payments by accessing a bank’s secure website. It also pertains to the application of financial services and markets through the use of electronic communication and computation (Humphrey et al. 2004). The developments can be subdivided into two main areas. The first is the impact of Internet banking on financial services. Most economists perceive that the existence of the Internet and other electronic communication processes has significantly changed many aspects of the banking industry. A majority of the services normally provided by banks can already be provided by other financial entities (Jayaratne et al. 2001). The second main area is the major transformation that occurred on most financial markets. Nowadays, these no longer need to be related with a physical place. In effect, trading systems for foreign exchanges are gradually becoming global. All these changes have gained significance for public policy towards the improvement of the financial services industry and markets. They are able to consider the implied information for the safety of regulations and global public policy (Keeton, 2002). There are three main important trends in Internet Banking which have been hastened through the emergence of the Internet. These are the improvements in terms of price transparency, differential pricing and transformation of distribution channels. Economists greatly consider the impact of these trends on the financial services industry (Loughran et al. 2004). Improved price transparency has the capability to increase the level of competition and reduce the margins of profit. Evidences from other marketable industries that use the internet services extensively, however, suggest that there are also limitations to this process. It appears that costs of search transactions remain significantly high that makes differential pricing possible, and this will further become important in financial services (Mester, 2000). Since the increased utilization of the internet services leads to the promotion of disintermediation, there will undoubtedly be a transformation of distribution channels and restructuring of the industry. The impact of e-finance technologies on financial services firms is broad. Online banking began in the mid 1990s and is increasingly becoming more important until today. In contrast to banks, however, a majority of insurance companies have used the internet in a relatively small amount. Electronic brokerage services have been an important economic development in recent years. While the internet is bound to be new and exciting to use, other e-finance technologies which have been existing much longer than the internet, have also done their part in reshaping the financial services industry, particularly the banking sector. For instance, in the 1970s, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) began to change the ways that consumers used to process their transactions with banks. In the 1980s, the extensive utilization of electronic computation and data analysis altered the way in which credit decisions are made; these innovations have helped to reduce the lending costs on average and enhanced the liquidity of loans (McAndrews et al .2001). The utilization of electronic communication in finance, in fact, goes back much further than the 1970s. As early as 1918, the Fedwire payment system made use of the electronic settlement of payments among banks over the telegraph (Mishkin et al. 2002). This particular use of electronic communications in payment systems has gradually increased through time. Now, almost all huge payments among banks and corporations are being done electronically. In some countries, especially in Scandinavia, electronic payments systems are gradually becoming widely used at the consumer level. In the United.States, however, the paper-based check clearing system is still widely used (O’Hara, 2004). METHODOLOGY   Methods of Research Used               For this study, the descriptive method was utilized. In this method, it is possible that the study would be cheap and quick. . It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses. Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out alternative explanations and especially infer causations. Thus, this study used use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research utilizes observations in the study.  To illustrate the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) guided the researcher.               The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire of the researcher to obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. To come up with pertinent findings and provide credible recommendations, this study utilized two sources of research: primary and secondary.  Primary research data were obtained through this new research study. Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview were conducted. On the other hand, the secondary research data were obtained from previous studies on the same topic.  The Research Design             In order to come up with the most suitable research approaches and strategies for this study, the research process “onion” is undertaken. This is because conducting a research is like peeling the back layers of an onion—in order to come to the central issue of how to collect the necessary data needed to answer the research questions and objectives, important layers should be first peeled away. With the said process, the researcher was able to create an outline on what measures are most appropriate to be applied in the study. Saunders et al (2003) said that while it is not unusual for a researcher to first think of his research undertaking by considering whether one should, for instance, administer a questionnaire or conduct interviews, thoughts on this question should belong to the centre of the research ‘onion’. That is, in order to come to the central issue of how to collect the data needed to answer one’s research questions, there are important layers of the onion that need to be peeled away: the first layer raises the question of the research philosophy to adopt, the second considers the subject of research approach that flows from the research philosophy, the third examines the research strategy most applicable, the fourth layer refers to the time horizon a researcher applies to his research, and the fifth layer is the data collection methods to be used.             Figure 1 shows how the researcher conceptualized the research approach to be applied in this study by Saunder et al (2003), in order to come up with the pertinent data needed to answer the research questions stated in the first chapter, as well as to arrive to the fulfillment of this research undertaking’s objectives.            Then again, the research philosophy that is reflected in this study is positivism. With this research philosophy, a researcher prefers to work with an observable social reality in order to come up with law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists (Remenyi et al, 1998), and in this tradition, the researcher becomes an objective analyst, coolly making detached interpretations about those data that have been collected in an apparently value-free manner (Saunders et al, 2003). In addition, the emphasis is on a highly structured methodology to facilitate replication (Gill & Johnson, 1997) and on quantifiable observations that lend themselves to statistical analysis (Saunders et al, 2003). In here, the assumption is that the researcher is independent of and neither affects nor is affected by the subject of the research (Remenyi et al, 1998; Saunders et al, 1998).             Meanwhile, the second layer shows that this study has undertaken a deductive approach. Accordingly, this approach has five sequential stages: deducing a hypothesis; expressing the hypothesis in operational terms; testing this operational hypothesis; examining the specific outcome of the inquiry to either confirm the theory or indicate the need for its modification; and finally, modifying the theory in the light of the findings (if necessary) (Robson, 1993, p. 19).             Further, the deductive approach has a number of important characteristics. First, this approach is a search to explain causal relationships between variables, which consequently leading to the development of a hypothesis. Second, it involves the collection of a quantitative data (although it can, as well, use qualitative data), and these data are important to test a hypothesis that has been previously developed. The third characteristic of a deductive approach is that it controls to allow the testing of hypothesis. However, one must remember that with this approach, it is important that the researcher is independent of what is being observed—that is, the researcher should be objective and not subjective—so that the principle of scientific strictness will be pursued, as this approach emphasizes scientific principles. (Saunders et al, 2003)           Also, it is important that concepts are operationalised, which will enable facts to be measured quantitatively. Finally, the deductive approach is generalization (e.g., to be able to generalize about regularities in human social behavior, one must be able to select a sufficient numerical size of samples). (Saunders et al, 2003) Respondents of the Study               The study involved a sample of 60 Internet banking users. Because the study was conducted in a single location using a small sample, the representation may not be superior and can affect the results of this study.   Data Collection   Data were collected from multiple sources, allowing for a number of different perspectives to be taken into consideration in the development of the recommendations.             The data sources that were examined included: ·        A review of the appropriate research literature. This included examining studies where customer satisfaction had been used either in a research or organizational setting. Both technical articles and “how-to” articles were included in the review; <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> An examination of the regulations and practices related to Internet banking. </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Focus groups and interviews with the guests, staff members and managers. During the focus groups, participants will be asked about their perceptions on the service quality of Internet banking.</li> </ul> Instruments used A self-administered questionnaire, or the type of questionnaire that was usually completed by respondents, was constructed by the researcher to gather the needed data (Saunders et al, 2003). To further enhance the study on the customer satisfaction, the researcher prepared a survey-questionnaire wherein the respondents graded each statement. Every statement constituted of five levels of responses indicated below. The equivalent weights for the answers were:             The decision was made to use a questionnaire for the data collection for this project due to the sensitivity of the information being obtained.  It was important for the respondents to be open and honest in their responses. The use of the questionnaire provided the researcher with the ability to test the views and attitudes of the respondents.             The survey-questionnaires also used open-ended questions to obtain as much information as possible about how the interviewee feels about the research topic.  Interviews took between one and two hours. The questions used during the interview were based on the research questions for this project; they have been reviewed, refined and approved by the project supervisor. The researcher designed a semi-structured interview. Here, the researcher encouraged the interviewee to clarify vague statements and to further elaborate on brief comments. The interviewer did not share his/her own beliefs and opinions. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS A total of 60 Internet banking users were used for the data gathering process. For the purpose of gathering pertinent and reliable data, respondents of 30 years old and above were included in the sample. Of the 60 participants, the sample was divided equally according to three categories. These categories include the respondents’ gender, age and position in the company. See table 1 for             As seen on the table, the respondents were equally divided according to the three categories as selected by the researcher. This was for the purpose of giving an equal representation of the respondents regarding the subject matter. Since the research could not afford for a much bigger sample due to time and budgetary constraints, the equal representation of respondents can represent the significant sample categories. A. Level of Efficiency   As most of the respondents of the study were members of different banks, the way they perceived the level of efficiency of the Internet Banking services offered by their respective banks appeared to be varied as well. In Figure 1 although a greater number of respondents said that the level of efficiency of the Internet Banking services offered by their respective banks was high, the results of the participants’ responses seemed to be slightly well-distributed among the survey choices given. Figure 1   B. Level of Quality   Generally, the participants of the study evaluated that the level of quality of the Internet Banking services offered by their respective banks were high. They did not consider it a problem to easily access the Internet banking services offered by their banks. The time that the respondents spent to use these Internet banking services appeared to be reasonable. As shown in Figure 2, majority of the respondents strongly agreed that the level of quality of the Internet Banking services offered by their respective banks were high. In fact, during the interview, most of the respondents commonly observed this factor.   Figure 2   C. Level of Speed Bank users are able to make the most of the benefits provided by the Internet banking services when they are fast and highly accessible. As this survey revealed, most banks were doing a relatively good job in making sure their Internet banking services were fast and highly accessible for their customers. Operational hours of the banks were also accessible for the tourists. With these things under consideration, the respondents were able to find the Internet banking services as advantageous and beneficial. See Figure 3 for the percentage distribution of the participants’ replies with regards to the level of speed of the Internet banking services they use.   Figure 3   D. Cost-efficiency As most of the respondents of the study were members of different banks, the way they perceived the cost-efficiency of the Internet Banking services offered by their respective banks appeared to be varied as well. In Figure 4 although a greater number of respondents said that the Internet Banking services offered by their respective banks were cost-efficient, the results of the participants’ responses seemed to be slightly well-distributed among the survey choices given.   Figure 4   CRITICAL REVIEW             Internet banking has constantly developed over the years worldwide. With the current boom in Information Technology, Internet banking has benefited much from it. However, with the continuous influx of interested customers, the lack of preparation and inadequate Internet banking facilities will decrease the interests of bank customers in further accessing Internet banking services. As a further consequence, the number of unsatisfied bank customers might increase yearly and this could only get worse. From the recent statistics, significant values of customer un-satisfaction have been identified and feared to further grow in the years to come. In response to this Internet banking crisis, banks must implement an Internet banking development program. This program must be geared towards the development of Internet banking services and facilities in banks by specifying a certain percentage of funds to be allotted in this program.               Although this development program may be effective in helping improve the Internet banking services in general, the effect of the program may not be ultimately maximized without the adequately trained professionals. Thus, necessary education or trainings must be formulated and conducted. Most importantly, these programs will increase the effectiveness of the Internet banking services of banks in terms of attracting customers.               Establishing Internet banking development programs entail several procedures. In order to be effective, programs should begin with strategic plans that would meet the client’s needs and are appropriate with their level of satisfaction. Certain factors and concepts are to be considered in the formulation of Internet banking development plans.    REFERENCES Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (1997). Research Methods for Managers. London: Paul         Chapman.   Humphrey, David B., L. Pulley, and Jukka M. Vesala, 2004. “Cash, Paper and Electronic Payments: A Cross-Country Analysis, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28, 4, 914-939.   Jayaratne, Jith and Philip E. Strahan, 2001. “Entry Restrictions, Industry Evolution and Dynamic Efficiency: Evidence from Commercial Banking,” Journal of Law and Economics 41, 239-74.   Keeton, William R., 2002. “Do Bank Mergers Reduce Lending to Businesses and Farmers? New Evidence from Tenth District States,” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economic Review81 (3), 63-75.   Loughran, T., J. Ritter and K. Rydqvist, 2004. “Initial Public Offerings: International Insights,” Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 2, 165-199.   Mester, Loretta J., 2000. “The Changing Nature of the Payments System: Should New Players Mean New Rules?” Business Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, March/April: 3-26.   McAndrews, James, and William Roberds, 2001. “A General Equilibrium Analysis of Check Float.” Journal of Financial Intermediation 8 October: 353-77.   Mishkin, Frederic S., and Philip E. Strahan, 2002. “What Will Technology do to the Financial Structure?” in The Effect of Technology on the Financial Sector, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, edited by Robert Litan and Anthony Santomero, 249-87.   O’Hara, M. 2004. Market Microstructure Theory, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.   Remenyi, D., Williams, B., and Swartz, E. (1998). Doing Research in Business          Management: An Introduction to Process and Method. London: Sage.   Robson, C. (2002). Real World Research, 2nd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell.   Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd Ed. London: Prentice Hall Financial Times.       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Methods of Research Used

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Internet banking refers to the utilization of the Internet for performing transactions and payments by acc...