Research Topics: Epidemiologic Analysis

Epidemiologic Analysis

Epidemiology Sarcoidosis is a systematic disorder, with unknown cause that affects mostly in the lungs. It affects of both sexes in all races and ages. The disease is most prevalent in young and middle-aged group. Ages that belong to young ones are those ages between twenty and twenty nine years of age while ages belong to middle-aged group are those ages in late thirty’s. On the other hand, it is more prevalent in women than men where women have 6.3 percent while men have only 5.9 percent cases out of one hundred thousand persons per year. Sarcoidosis is more predominant in blacks than in white where whites have only 0.85 percent compared to blacks that have 2.4 percent. This condition is dominant in some races like Swedes, Danes, and Afro-American but it is not prevalent in Asia countries. In this case, most affected person is dying due to respiratory failure which has an incidence of one to five percent that they do not die because of the disease itself but because of the symptoms cause by respiratory failure. Etiology There are several causes of sarcoidosis that being implicated. Some medical team believed that it is due to genetically predisposed, transmitting of infectious organisms and exposure to environment agent. In infectious agent, it includes viruses, mycobacteria, borrelia Burgdorferi and propionibacterium acnes. Furthermore, allergens such dust, fumes and pollens could also result to sarcoidosis.  Agents that come from environmental exposure include beryllium, aluminum and zirconium. It is in recent theory suggests that being expose to certain agents from environment and believe that the host is genetically inherited, it is believed that the inflammatory response of granuloma formation will be enhanced or exaggerated. The Epidemiologic Triangle In order to understand the pattern of the disease and the cause of the disease in relation to the characteristics of the person who has it or to a factor present in his environment it should be presented through Epidemiologic Triangle, which has three component-host, environment and agent. The Epidemiologic Triangle is important in promoting health care. The model implies that each must be analyzed and understood for comprehensions and prediction of patterns of a disease. A change in any of the component will alter an existing equilibrium to increase and decrease the frequency of the disease.             Agent is the intrinsic property of microorganisms to survive and multiply in the environment to produce disease. Causative agent is the infections agent or its toxic component that is transmitted from the source of infection to the susceptible body. In sarcoidosis, the agent of the disease has only two classifications namely; the chemical agents and infectious agents. Chemical agents have two subgroups; first is the poison agents, under the poison agents are beryllium, aluminum and zirconium; the second is allergens agents that such as dust, fumes and pollens. The second classification of sarcoidosis agent is the infectious agent. Infectious agents include the viruses, mycobacteria, borrelia burgdoferi and propionibacterium. The next component is the host (Intrinsic factor), it influences exposure, susceptibility or response to the agent. It is focus on human and the forces with in him and with in the environment that influence his state of health. From this viewpoint, the human is the host organism, other organism like animals are considered only as they relate to the human health. The host is any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism. Under this component include the genetics factors; the ages in which in sarcoidosis it is more prevalent in young age that between twenty and twenty nine and prevalent also in the meddle-aged that ages below forty; in sex in which the women are most affected than men; ethnic group where the blacks have the higher incidence than whites, it is also prevalent in Swedes and Danes but it is not prone to Asian communities. The third component of Epidemiological Triangle is the environment. The state of the host at any given time is a result of the interaction of genetic endowment with environment over the entire lifespan. Environment is the sum total of all external condition and influences that affects the development of an organism which can be biological social and physical.  The environment affects both the agents and the hosts. The three components of environment are physical, biological and socio economic environment. In the case of sarcoidosis, the host is most susceptible if they are living in the urban place. Urban places are described to be polluted and crowded where you can get the infectious agent that cause sarcoidosis. Health Promotion Epidemiology, therefore is the backbone of the prevention of the disease. In preventing the spread of the disease the host must be aware of the primary defense against infection. Hand washing is the most popular in primary defense against infection. In this case the host must wash his hand before and after meal to prevent the spread of infection to the others. It is important also to eat nutritious foods and take food supplements such vitamins in order to boost the immune system. Nutritious foods include eating more vegetables, fruits, and fish. To make the infectious agents become less virulent they should keep their environment clean and stay away from crowded area. They wash their clothes and beddings to prevent transmitting of secretions, mites and scabies that could bring causative agent of the disease. Maintaining food hygiene and water quality in which they wash their raw foods before eating it and make sure that the water is safe and not contaminated. It is important also that to stay away from any crowded places especially those people who have less resistance. In crowded places the disease is rapidly spread to all age group for the reason of direct contact with the infected individual. It is important also that dust must be controlled because this agent can easily penetrate that cause respiratory infection, skin and eye diseases.   References:   Murdaugh, C. L., & Parson, M. A.  (2002). Health promotion in nursing practice.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall.   Pender, N. J.  (1975). A conceptual model for preventive health behavior.  Nursing Outlook, 23(6), 385-390.   Pender, N. J., Barlailas. V. H., Hayman, L., Rice, V. H., & Anderson, E. T.  (1992). Health promotion and disease prevention: Toward excellence in nursing practice and education.  Nursing Outlook, 40(3), 106-112, 120.   Ratner, P. A., Buttorff, J. L., Johnson, J. C., & Hayduk, L. A.  (1994).  The interaction effects of gender within the health promotion model.  Research in Nursing and Health, 17(5), 341-350. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Epidemiologic Analysis

Epidemiology Sarcoidosis is a systematic disorder, with unknown cause that affects mostly in the lungs. It affects of both sexes in...

Epidemiology

This paper is a study on sarcoids and its epidemiology. The paper discusses the types of sarcoids, the probable cause of such disease, its mode of transmission, its treatment and its possible prevention.             Sarcoid is a disease of the skin more common to horses and donkeys. It is actually a tumor that occurs in several different forms: verrucous, occult, nodular, mixed and malevolent. It can occur as single or multiple lesions all over the body but show sites of preference particularly in the paragenital region, the thorax-abdomen and head and frequently occur on parts of the body that was previously injured and scarring.   They can also occur in parts that are difficult to treat such as the ears, around the eyes, the mouth, tailhead, legs and ventral trunk or any sites that have been previously injured. It is not a contagious disease but occasionally occur in group of horse. In veterinary dermatopathology, it is also termed as fibroma or fibrosarcoma.             The verrucous type of sarcoid has a dry wart-like appearance with grey crusty surface and usually flat and small. It is usually found on the head, neck, brisket or groin. In years, it may remain unchanged but can develop into a more aggressive fibroplastic type. Fibrolastic type is an aggressive ulcerated mass often appears at the site of previous wounds or results from one of the less aggressive forms of sarcoid being damaged accidentally or by surgery. Nodular types of sarcoids often appear around the eyes or in the groin. They appear as a firm nodule underneath the skin. When the overlaying skin is damaged, it may become more aggressive and may transform into the fibroplastic form. The mixed types of sarcoids are a combination of any other types and also leas to the fibrolastic type. The rarest from of sarcoids are the malevolent forms. They occur on the face, inside the thigh and at the elbow consisting of nodular or fibroplastic sarcoids which affect the lymphatic vessels.             Many clinical studies show that the probable cause of sarcoids is a papilloma virus. A high proportion of sarcoids contain genetic material that is found identical or very closely related to bovine papilloma virus, BPV. Papilloma viruses are small, double-stranded DNA viruses of the Papillomavaviridae family. The Pappilliomavaviridae is a large family of animal and human viruses that normally infect epithelial cells causing hyperproliferative lesions known as warts, papillomas or condylomas. Some mammals have distinct papilloma viruses. Humans may have greater than 20 papilloma viruses; cattle may have 6 and dogs may have 3. Early studies detected BPV DNA in sarcoids from horses and donkeys using DNA hybridization techniques.               There are also studies that link the development of sarcoids with genetics. The frequency of sarcoids in standardbred horses was less than half that of thoroughbreds and major studies in the USA showed that the frequency of sarcoids in the quarter horses was almost twice that of thoroughbreds. However, these studies need further investigation to establish more reliable theories.             With so many studies about sarcoids, there is strong evidence that BPV types 1 and 2 are the principal cause of sarcoids and genes and bred type also play role in having sarcoids. However the mode of transmission has no established evidence yet. There were proposals that this may be due to flies acting as a vector as they move between sites from one horse to another. There was a reported study on the detection of BPV viral DNA sequences in flies which are commonly seen around wounds and which tend to frequent the head and neck area which are the most common areas in which sarcoids occur. There were also the same viral DNA sequences detected in the horses from which flies were removed. Other possible mode of tranmsmission are due to stable management practices like sharing of contaminated tack, or passed into existing wounds from contaminated pasture.             The risk factors of sarcoids are still unclear. Aside from the studies that occurrence of sarcoids may be due to breed, stable management and the environment of hoses where flies carrying BPV are present, other possible risk factors are not clearly stated. Also, there are still currently no effective treatments for sarcoids. If treated surgically, there is more possibility for recurrence. Other commonly employed treatments include cryotherapy, excision and local immune modulation.                There are some vaccines that can somehow make the hosts which are the horses or donkeys, be immune to sarcoids, such autogenous vaccine and BCG which is originally used to protect people from tuberculosis and acts as an immune stimulant that works well for some nodular sarcoids and some fibroplastic sarcoids.             Since the mode of transmission and origin of the virus that causes sarcoids is still not established, there is still no definite solution on how the virus can be made less active aside from the above mentioned vaccines. Even if sarcoids were removed, there is still a possibility for their recurrence which could mean that the virus is strong. However, there are ways to make the environment less susceptive to sarcoids such as implementing cleanliness to the surroundings of horses, good stable management practice  and being aware of breed that are more likely have sarcoids so that it may not infect other breeds which do not have the disease.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Epidemiology

This paper is a study on sarcoids and its epidemiology. The paper discusses the types of sarcoids, the probable cause of such ...

EPIDEMIOLOGY ANALYSIS

This paper is a study on sarcoids and its epidemiology. The paper discusses the types of sarcoids, the probable cause of such disease, its mode of transmission, its treatment and its possible prevention.             Sarcoid is a disease of the skin more common to horses and donkeys. It is actually a tumor that occurs in several different forms: verrucous, occult, nodular, mixed and malevolent. It can occur as single or multiple lesions all over the body but show sites of preference particularly in the paragenital region, the thorax-abdomen and head and frequently occur on parts of the body that was previously injured and scarring ( 1994).   They can also occur in parts that are difficult to treat such as the ears, around the eyes, the mouth, tailhead, legs and ventral trunk or any sites that have been previously injured (1999). It is not a contagious disease but occasionally occur in group of horse. In veterinary dermatopathology, it is also termed as fibroma or fibrosarcoma ( 2003).             The verrucous type of sarcoid has a dry wart-like appearance with grey crusty surface and usually flat and small. It is usually found on the head, neck, brisket or groin. In years, it may remain unchanged but can develop into a more aggressive fibroplastic type ( 1999). Fibrolastic type is an aggressive ulcerated mass often appears at the site of previous wounds or results from one of the less aggressive forms of sarcoid being damaged accidentally or by surgery ( 2006). Nodular types of sarcoids often appear around the eyes or in the groin. They appear as a firm nodule underneath the skin. When the overlaying skin is damaged, it may become more aggressive and may transform into the fibroplastic form. The mixed types of sarcoids are a combination of any other types and also leas to the fibrolastic type. The rarest from of sarcoids are the malevolent forms. They occur on the face, inside the thigh and at the elbow consisting of nodular or fibroplastic sarcoids which affect the lymphatic vessels.             Many clinical studies show that the probable cause of sarcoids is a papilloma virus. A high proportion of sarcoids contain genetic material that is found identical or very closely related to bovine papilloma virus, BPV. Papilloma viruses are small, double-stranded DNA viruses of the Papillomavaviridae family ( 2006). The Pappilliomavaviridae is a large family of animal and human viruses that normally infect epithelial cells causing hyperproliferative lesions known as warts, papillomas or condylomas ( 2003). Some mammals have distinct papilloma viruses. Humans may have greater than 20 papilloma viruses; cattle may have 6 and dogs may have 3 (2006). Early studies detected BPV DNA in sarcoids from horses and donkeys using DNA hybridization techniques (1979).               There are also studies that link the development of sarcoids with genetics. The frequency of sarcoids in standardbred horses was less than half that of thoroughbreds (1988) and major studies in the USA showed that the frequency of sarcoids in the quarter horses was almost twice that of thoroughbreds ( 2003). However, these studies need further investigation to establish more reliable theories.             With so many studies about sarcoids, there is strong evidence that BPV types 1 and 2 are the principal cause of sarcoids and genes and bred type also play role in having sarcoids. However the mode of transmission has no established evidence yet. There were proposals that this may be due to flies acting as a vector as they move between sites from one horse to another (2003). There was a reported study on the detection of BPV viral DNA sequences in flies which are commonly seen around wounds and which tend to frequent the head and neck area which are the most common areas in which sarcoids occur (2000). There were also the same viral DNA sequences detected in the horses from which flies were removed ( 2003). Other possible mode of tranmsmission are due to stable management practices like sharing of contaminated tack, or passed into existing wounds from contaminated pasture ( 2003).             The risk factors of sarcoids are still unclear. Aside from the studies that occurrence of sarcoids may be due to breed, stable management and the environment of hoses where flies carrying BPV are present, other possible risk factors are not clearly stated. Also, there are still currently no effective treatments for sarcoids. If treated surgically, there is more possibility for recurrence. Other commonly employed treatments include cryotherapy, excision and local immune modulation ( 1998).                There are some vaccines that can somehow make the hosts which are the horses or donkeys, be immune to sarcoids, such autogenous vaccine and BCG which is originally used to protect people from tuberculosis and acts as an immune stimulant that works well for some nodular sarcoids and some fibroplastic sarcoids.                Since the mode of transmission and origin of the virus that causes sarcoids is still not established, there is still no definite solution on how the virus can be made less active aside from the above mentioned vaccines. Even if sarcoids were removed, there is still a possibility for their recurrence which could mean that the virus is strong. However, there are ways to make the environment less susceptive to sarcoids such as implementing cleanliness to the surroundings of horses, good stable management practice  and being aware of breed that are more likely have sarcoids so that it may not infect other breeds which do not have the disease.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

EPIDEMIOLOGY ANALYSIS

This paper is a study on sarcoids and its epidemiology. The paper discusses the types of sarcoids, the probable cause of such ...

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