Research Topics: Networking And The Internet

Optimistic Graph Modelling In Networking

AN INTRODUCTION TO OPTIMISTIC GRAPH MODELING IN NETWORKING       In layman’s term the function of Graph Modeling in Networking is designed in order to create a matrix of system design for example in a telecommunication or internet connectivity, viral marketing, etc. in sales spreading the word of mouth or creating a good advertisement is the key to sell their products and services but in Networking Graph Modeling is its counterpart. Networking representation requires a very exhaustive interpretation of graphs, algorithm, mathematical equations and other variables in order to understand and create a very optimistic approach upon reading such guidelines that only a programmer or Information Technology Experts may be able to understand such characteristic although the graphical representation and the simplicity or complexity of this networking basic can be interpreted in a simple terms.       The graph modeling in networking in order to have a good representation should be able to generate a realistic approach of network it should be easy to track, easy to manage, readable, it should have a purpose according to its functionality of who will benefit such network program. This in itself is complicated so we are going to use simple terms as much as possible and be able to explain it so that even a non programmer can somehow predict or understand such graphical networking models. We are also going to assume that models are mathematically easy to track, compute and analyze. “Kronecker graph” has been one of the most popular program that can generate a good optimistic representation model of graphs it obeys almost all the command and it does all the hard work of the programmer rather than using other representation which does not guarantee a readable graphs.       The most common function of this graph is represented by the most popular social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, emails even games and other SNS and this has been its most viable function. Kronecker graph and their products create different graphical representation or snapshots degree of distribution which is highly useful and optimistic making it easier to develop more products in an interactive world. The if and then command or what if functions is its main focus that it can generate extrapolation graph simulation where graphs are hard to identify or collect. This means that the graph created by this program can be applicable or compatible even if the network applications are upgraded like Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox therefore the program created is absolutely positive because of it futuristic functionality.         Another Graph Generator in networking method is the Small World Generator, and Waxman Generator, this focuses on preferential attachment,  both of these nodes are trying to optimize its function and they help the program to continue the connectivity if there are various constraint while running the program for example while using facebook you may experience hanging or slow down. They address the issue of extended connectivity. Usually programmers can experiment from various patterns or formula in order to master the matrix designs however simple or complex they would like to initiate in their programs. There should be a statistical or graphical pattern in order to understand this citation and functionality can be updated in our mind.  Take a look at the simple examples of network below and you can understand how graph modeling in networking function intensively during the process. Again the consideration of this graph is designed for basic understanding for both expert and layman so it is easy to understand. Take a look and study the following data below.                                                  ©    ©  ®  ©   ©  ®  ©                                                  ®   ©   ®   ©   ®  ©  ®   ©  ®   ©    Data 2               Data 1                           ®   ®    ©    ®   ©     ®                                                            ©    ®    ©   ®     ©       The data shows that data 1 networking graph is a balance relational data that has an equal and non complicated representation that predicts a very optimistic approach of graph model networking and it can be easily described as a very understandable process. The outcome of this graph is a non complicated representation of network and the distribution and channels of information is direct and has a good contact from one user over others. Imagine if you chat with friends while others response differently by adding images and videos such representation is definitely ideal.       On the other hand data 2 seems to have a very complicated networking process but in reality the process of networking is much more complicated in this simple representation because the transfer of data travels fast from one place to another the dimension and sized of such graphic model of network maybe complicated as the system grows. Yahoo, YouTube, Hotmail may say they are unlimited but their free services can even extend their bandwidth in order to distribute more services around the world. If you want to study more of the real advance representation of graphical model networking interface you may check the following websites as a guide; http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jure/pubs/kronecker-pkdd05.pdf       http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/volume11/leskovec10a/leskovec10a.pdf      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_double_cover Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Optimistic Graph Modelling In Networking

AN INTRODUCTION TO OPTIMISTIC GRAPH MODELING IN NETWORKING In layman’s term the function of Graph Modeling in Networking is designe...

Can REI Climb Higher with Networking and the Internet?

Can REI Climb Higher with Networking and the Internet?   Introduction Perhaps, the emergence of the information system, specifically the internet has depict the transition of the entire business aspects. Correspondingly, this existence has been deliberated as the unquestioned basis for the rivalries in this modern business generation. Such network system improvement have conveyed people specifically those in the business market to consider new approaches which would be beneficial for developing corporate value of any companies (Weill & Broadbent, 1999). The details of conveying with these needs, through enhance proficiency, integrated with the innovation practice of in the networking system and internet has raised the responsiveness of both information technology as well as management to have more strategic-oriented methods for management and planning (Luftman, Lewis & Oldach, 1993).  Based on the given case, it can be said that REI which is an internet industry has been able to consider different approaches in information system and the internet.   Discussion             Since the company is enjoying the opportunities provided by the internet and network system, it can be said that the company should still consider climbing higher with this approach.  Accordingly it can be noted that with the enhancement of network, Internet can become a well-accepted ground to purchase any kinds of products and services which REI can take advantage of.  If the company will continue to enhance their information system and internet, it can reach millions and millions consumers worldwide (Carlton, 2001; Pastore, 2001). Accordingly, the use of Internet at all levels is maintaining its growth; with purchases over the Internet by both consumers and businesses are booming. To be able to have a successful integration of e-business, the management of the REI  must decide how to organize, manage, finance and provide information technology solutions for e-business.  Furthermore, it can also be noted that the management should still continue to search for the proper systems to make sure that network or information systems successfully integrated with their business strategies and approaches. It can be noted that the management of REI must consider customer data management and demand and supply chain management as key factors for maximizing the value of e-business. The introduction of changes and transformation with this network or information system may not have any deleterious effect on conventional commerce and business transaction, but systems designed for conventional commerce may fail to provide proper management control for e-business. The management of the REI should remember that not every value proposition in conventional business transactions can attract customers in e-business, and not every traditional business strategy is a viable source of increased profitability. It can be said that the best strategies do not ignore the Internet’s fundamental properties and the behaviour of its clients and customers. In this regard, the REI must develop network or information system strategies for operations consistent with the corporate strategy on the whole. Their goals should include an increase approach in terms of enhanced channel optimization, customer acquisition, customer retention, improved customer loyalty, and capturing value for the organization. The simplest manner for companies to commence network or information system procedures especially those in the industries is to transfer their brand name to the Internet technology or the World Wide Web by having a domain name bearing the name of the industry so that existing clients and prospective new clients can easily find the company’s Web site. REI must also decide what products and services to be provided on the Web site. Many industries have found that they are able to give more total products to internet users through Web sites. It can be said that physical store space restricts the number of inventory items available in stores, while the Web enables the business to provide a larger product offering. The ability to offer a large quantity of products, especially in retail industries, is a major inducement to acquiring an online channel (Dutta & Biren, 2001; Fitzgerald, 2000.   Conclusion All in all, it can be concluded that in order for the REI to become successful they must be able to use advanced internet technologies and the management must be able to know the latest in the online market. In a general sense, network or information system is being used to be able to impart to the consumers the availability of a particular product or service online. The success of the REI solely depends on how they are able to cope with the rapid changes in the online market and how they would be able to ensure that their consumers are secure in acquiring and providing information in these e-businesses.     Reference   Carlton, K, 2001, Webworks: e-Commerce.  Rockport Publishers Dutta, S. and Biren, B. (2001). Business Transformation on the Internet: Results from the 2000 Study. European Management Journal, 19(5), 449-462. Fitgerald, K. R. (2000). Big buyers jump on the internet. Purchasing, 128 (4), s7.   Luftman, J.N., Lewis, P.R. & Oldach, S.H. (1993). Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies. IBM Systems Journal, 32(1): 198-221. Pastore, M. (2001). The World’s Online Populations. Retrieved March 31, 2010 from http://cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/geographicks/article/o,1323,5911_151151,00.html. Weill, P. & Broadbent, M. (1998). Leveraging the new Infrastructure. Harvard        Business School Press.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Can REI Climb Higher with Networking and the Internet?

Can REI Climb Higher with Networking and the Internet? Introduction Perhaps, the emergence of the information system, specif...

Networking- Networking Adapter Card

Networking- Networking Adapter Card               Networking can group several computers together. But there are advantages and disadvantages to networking. Advantages of networking in general are: Ø  Expensive resources such as printers and storage devices can be shared Ø  A user can use load and edit files that they have created on any station, provided that the station has the software required to use the files or share files Ø  You can use a network to send electronic mail or to access huge databases such as the World Wide Web or a database of all the products a company sells by sharing internet access Ø  Share hardware devices among multiple computers Also, there are disadvantages that networking offer, these are: Ø  The cabling, interface cards, file servers, etc. that are required to set a network are expensive Ø  If one computer, cable or interface breaks the whole network may stop operating and you may not be able to use any of the computers until the fault is repaired. In practice this rarely happens. The exact effect of a failure will depend on the topology of the network. Ø  Viruses stored on a computer on a network can spread to other computers over the network Ø  The files stored on computer networks can be accessed, stolen and edited more easily that files stored on a non-networked computer could be. Appropriate security measures must be implemented to prevent this. The advantages and disadvantages stated apply for the user and organisation. For a user, sharing of files and viruses are what makes networking unattractive. Since for every user, somehow there are files that they do not want others to see. But if they are in a network it cannot be helped. For an organisation, the advantages are most certainly welcome, although there are a few drawbacks, the over-all view for the network is positive. The drawbacks can be addressed separately should it occur. And even if organisation files can be stolen, this can also be addressed by setting up firewalls and other security measures. By employing close to 100 computers, a server-based network is most applicable. This type of networking can be employed in filing and printing, application, mail, fax and communications. It has a central administration, which also offers greater security. It has centralized backup and offers data redundancy and can support many users. Network topology refers to the layout used to wire the computers together. Regardless of what type of network is used, any topology can be applied. In bus topology, computers are connected to a single cable that connects all computers, this type of topology is the cheapest of all as it requires the smallest amount of cabling, but if the cable breaks anywhere then none of the computers can access the network. In a mesh topology, any computer can be connected to any other computer, and this topology is very reliable because if one link fails the messages will be directed to another link, and example of this topology is the Internet. The star topology offers communication to all other computers via a central computer, and if one cable breaks only the computer connected to that computer will be affected, but if the central computer fails the whole network will break down. For the ring topology, each computer if connected to two computers that are adjacent to it, and the last computer is linked to the first so that it forms a ring, but if one cable breaks then none of the computers can gain access to the network.  As an additional, there are another three types of topology, these are (Wilson, 2001): Star Bus topology, it is composed of several star topologies linked with a linear bus, and with this type of topology no single computer can take the whole network down, just like in star topology, only the computers connected to the hub that failed are affected; Star Ring topology, which is also known as star wired ring because the hub itself is wired as a ring, this means that physically it is a star, but a logical ring, just like in the ring topology, computers are given equal access to the network media through the passing of the token. A single computer failure cannot stop the entire network, but if the hub fails, the ring that the hub controls also fails; Hybrid Mesh its most important aspect is that a mesh if fault tolerant. The choice of network adapter depends on network architecture. But there a lots of types of adapters. For a network that has units close to 100, it is best to use the star topology for the network. Because in this type of topology, the organisation will only maintain the central computer that connects every computer together, and this way they can closely monitor the security of their network, also this type of topology is considered to be the most scalable and reconfigurable topology (Wilson, 2001). In choosing the network adapter, the organisation has to consider the advantages and disadvantages of each type of topology as was discussed above. The types of adapters are basically based on the form factor (plug-in card or plug-in module), the interface (PCI, ISA, PC card, CardBus, MCA), and connectivity (cable or wireless). The form factor is the physical size and shape of a device. It is used to describe the device itself, whether it’s plug-in, integrated or rack-mount. Interface it the connection standard that is used to connect with other devices. And, connectivity is the way the network is connected; it can either be cable or wireless (with or without cable connections between devices). If the connection used is cable, the network is not allowed the complete networking freedom that wireless connection can provide. Brands include IBM, Intel, 3Com, SMC, NetGear, Compaq, and others. The role of the network Adapter card is to: prepare data from the computer for the network cable, send the data to another computer and control the flow of data between the computer and the cabling system. In choosing the NIC, one must: match the computer’s internal bus architecture and have the right cable connector for the cable being used. In improving the network card performance one can employ (Wilson, 2001): Ø  Direct Memory Access (DMA) with this data is moved directly from the network adapter card’s buffer to computer memory. Ø  Shared Adapter Memory, this will make the adapter memory card to contain memory, which is shared by the computer and the computer identifies RAM on the card if it were actually installed on the computer. Ø  Shared System Memory, the network adapter selects a portion of the computer’s memory for its use and it is the most common. Ø  Bus Mastering, the adapter card takes temporary control of the computer’s bus, freeing the CPU for other tasks, moves data directly to the computer’s system memory, is available on EISA and MCA, and can improve network performance by 20% to 70%. Ø  RAM buffering: RAM on the adapter card acts as a buffer that holds data until the CPU can process it, and this keeps the card from being a bottleneck. Ø  On-board microprocessor enables the adapter card to process its own data without the need of the CPU. There are also lots of types of interfaces this include (NVC CS, 2003): Ø  ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) is a standard bus architecture that is associated with IBM AT motherboard. It allows 16 bit at a time to flow between the motherboard circuitry and an expansion slot card and its associated device(s). Ø  MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) was developed by IBM for its line of PS/2 desktop computers; MCA is an interface between a computer (or multiple computers) and its expansion cards and their associated devices. MCA was a distinct break from previous bus architecture such as ISA. The pin connections in MCA are smaller than other bus interfaces. For this and other reasons, MCA does not support other bus architectures. Although MCA offers a number of improvements over other bus architectures, its proprietary, non-standard aspects did not encourage other manufacturers to adopt it. It has influenced other bus designs and it is still in use in PS/2 and in some minicomputer systems. Ø  EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) is a standard bus architecture that extends the ISA standard to a 32-bit interface. It was developed in part as an open alternative to the proprietary Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) that IBM introduced in its PS/2 computers. EISA data transfer can reach a peak of 33 megabytes per second. Ø  VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association Local Bus) Local Bus is a standard interface between your computer and its expansion slots that provide faster data flow between the devices controlled by the expansion cards and your computer’s microprocessors. A “local bus” is a physical path on which data flows at almost the speed of the microprocessor, increasing total system performance. VESA Local Bus is particularly effective in systems with advanced video cards and supports 32-bit data flow at 50 MHz. A VESA Local Bus is implemented by adding a supplemental slot and card that aligns with and augments as ISA expansion card. Ø  PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is an interconnection system between a microprocessor and attached devices in which expansion slots are spaced closely for high-speed operation. Using PCI, a computer can support both new PCI cards while similar to the VESA Local Bus. However, PCI 2.0 is no longer a local bus and is designed to be independent of microprocessor design. PCI is designed to be synchronized with the clock speed of the microprocessor, in the range of 20 to 33 MHz. PCI is now installed on most new desktop computers, not only those based on Intel’s Pentium processor but also those based on the Power PC. PCI transmits 32 bits at a time in a 124-pin connection (the extra pins are for power supply and grounding) and 64 bits in a 188-pin connection in an expanded implementation. PCI uses all active paths to transmit both address and data signals, sending the address on one clock cycle and data on the next. Burst data can be sent starting with an address on the first cycle and a sequence of data transmissions on a certain number of successive cycles. The price for the above adapters can be as low as below 0 up to an expensive range of 00 – 00 or even higher. All types of adapters, regardless of its brand have this price range.             In connecting your network components, there are three primary cable types that could be used: the coaxial cable; the twisted pair, which can be Unshielded Twisted Pair or Shielded Twisted Pair; and the fibre-optic. The Coaxial cable consists of a solid or stranded copper core surrounded by insulation, braided shield and an insulating jacket.  The braided shield prevents noise and crosstalk; it is more resistant to interference and attenuation than twisted pair cabling. The plenum (fire resistant) graded cable can be used in false ceilings of office space or under the floor. It can also transmit data, voice, and video and it offers moderate security, which is better than UTP or STP. Although this is the case, there are limitations of the benefits of coaxial cable, these are: length of trunk segment may be up to 607 feet; a maximum of 30 workstations is allowed per trunk; there may be no more than 1024 workstations per network; entire network trunk length can’t exceed 3035 feet (925 meters); the minimum cable length between workstations is 20 inches; and the Ethernet 5-4-3 rule for connecting segments is 5 trunk segments can be connected, with 4 repeaters or concentrators, with no more than 3 populated segments (on coaxial cable). (Wilson, 2001)             The twisted pair cable consists of two insulated wire twisted around each other. The twisting cancels out electrical noise from adjacent pairs (crosstalk) and external sources. It uses RJ-45 telephone type connectors (larger than telephone and consists of eight wires vs. Telephone’s 4 wires). Also, twisted pair cable is generally inexpensive and easy to install. The two types of twisted pair cable are: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). UTP can only be used for a maximum cable length of 100 metres, but it is the cheapest cable to use. The STP uses a woven copper braid jacket and a higher quality protective jacket. Also uses foil wrap between and around the wire pairs. It is much less susceptible to interference and supports higher transmission rates than UTP. Shielding makes it somewhat harder to install. It can only be used for 100 metres, but it is harder to tap. It is usually used in Apple Talk and Token Ring networks. Fibre-optic cable is the most expensive cable that can be used and the hardest to install. It consists of small core of glass or plastic surrounded by a cladding layer and jacket. The fibres are unidirectional (light travels in one direction) so two fibres are used, one for sending and one for receiving. Kevlar fibres are placed between the two fibres for strength. It is very good at high speed, long distance data transmission, and is not subject to electrical transmission. It offers the best security because it cannot be tapped. It can transmit data at 100Mbps and way up to 2Gbps. It can be used for up to 2000 metres without the use of a repeater. It also supports data, voice and video. Although, it would need specialized knowledge to install. (Wilson, 2001)             If the organisation is only going to network four computers, it is advisable to do what they initially plan to do. But if they are going to add more computers to the network, it may cause trouble. UTP is particularly susceptible to crosstalk, which is when signals from one line get mixed up with signal from another, and it can also be easily tapped because there is no shielding. Although is can hold up to 1023 stations without bridging, the workstations should not exceed 328 feet from the concentrator port and the minimum cable length between workstations is 8 feet (Wilson, 2001). If the organisation really needs to network computers to share a single printer, this should be done for computers that are close, that way the users will know if there are any printing jobs pending before they try to print. The organisation can use the star topology. This way, a single computer that fails will not bring down the network. This suggestions may not be as economical as what was initially planned, but this type is much more efficient and easier to maintain especially if the organisation is planning to add more units to the network.             The important thing is that the organisation knows the factors that need to be considered before cabling. They should first consider the installation logistics, shielding, crosstalk, transmission speed, attenuation, and most especially the cost. They should also remember that the longer the distance the more expensive the cabling will be.   Reference:   Meakin, P. (1999). “Networks: Advantages and Disadvantages.” Cheshire, Washington: Cedar Education.   Meakin, P. (1999). “ Networks: Topology.” Cheshire, Washington: Cedar Education.   NetGear. (2003). “Easy guide to choosing a network card.” Santa Clara, California: Headquarters Netgear, Inc.   NVC CS. (2003). “Input-Output Organization.” Falls Church, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.   Wilson, Grant. (2001). “Networking Essentials Notes.” Edmonton, Canada: MCSE Networking Notes. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Networking- Networking Adapter Card

Networking- Networking Adapter Card Networking can group several computers together. But there are advantages and disadvan...

Networking- Networking Adapter Card

Networking- Networking Adapter Card

Networking- Networking Adapter Card Networking can group several computers together. But there are advantages and disadvan...

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