Research Topics: How To Reference Your Essay

How to Reference your Essay

Essay requirements   References and Notes:   a.         References within the text to other sources should contain the name of the author, the year of publication and the relevant page number(s):   As was observed by Smith (1966:29), …. It has been pointed out (Jones 1982:326-8) that …   Where reference is made to more than one article or book published by an author in the one year, each article or book should be given a letter designation attached to the date:       Brown (1991a:52) argues that …   b.        Footnotes should be kept to a minimum, and avoided if possible.   c.         References (to be quoted as shown above) should be grouped together at the end of the article under the heading REFERENCES, and arranged in alphabetical order of the author’s names. Entries should conform to samples below:   Akmajian, A., Demers, R.A. and Harnish, R.M. 1984. Linguistics : an Introduction to language and communication. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.   Chomsky, N. 1966a. Topics in the theory of generative grammar. (Janua Linguarum, Series Minor, 56.) The Hague: Mouton.   Chomsky, N. 1966b. Cartesian linguistics. New York: Harper & Row.   Katz, J.J. 1980. Chomsky on meaning. Language 56. 1-41.   Citations of electronic sources should appear in the following format:   Author’s last name, First name. ‘Title of work’ Title of complete work. [protocol and address] [path] (date of message or visit) For example:                           Carranza, L. E. (1994) ‘Le Corbusier and the problems of representation’                         Journal of Architectural Education [online], 48(2).     d.        Tables, figures and diagrams should be numbered consecutively. Each should have a title which indicates the nature of the data being presented.   e.         Words or phrases used as examples should be either underlined or in italics, and meanings and labels given in quotation marks:   The French word feu (‘fire’) contains a rounded vowel. The determiners this and that are often referred to as ‘demonstratives’.   f.          Short quotations should be in double quotation marks:   Brown claims that the main difficulties derive from an “inability to process the spoken word” (Brown 1979:17).   g.         Longer quotations should be indented, typed single space and separated from the surrounding text by a line above and below:   Of particular interest is Brown’s (1979:17) claim that:   It is apparent from the extensive studies of such students that the main difficulties encountered concern their ability to process the spoken word during the course of their studies, in particular their hearing problem.     Presentation:   A4-size paper is preferred.   Type or write on one side of the paper only.   Number pages clearly. There must be a margin of at least 5cm on the left head side of the page (to allow for marker’s comments).   If your essay is hand-written, it should be neat and legible.   Before submitting your essay, proofread it carefully for errors and correct them.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

How to Reference your Essay

Essay requirements References and Notes: a. References within the text to other sources should contain the name of the auth...

Bibliography and Reference Guide

RMIT Artfind Bibliography and Reference Guide When writing essays or thesis you are required to acknowledge the sources of information that you have used. These sources must be described in sufficient detail for others to identify and consult them. Citation Styles We suggest the footnoting style .  This requires you to footnote your sources and add them to a Bibliography at the end of the text. Citing references within the text In the text of your essay or thesis you need to reference any phrases, facts or opinions which are derived from other sources which are not your own. Below are some examples: Footnoting style example: All indications are that a revival of abstract painting is underway[1] and has… [1] Swart-Blackthought, Geoffrey, The Return to the Real, HarperCollins, New York, 1997: 106. Note: The full publication details are then presented at the bottom of the page that the number (1.) appears. Also, a separate bibliography of footnote references is made and found at the end of the essay or thesis. Compiling Bibliographies or Lists of References A Bibliography is a list of references to books, journal articles or other materials that you have used to write and form your ideas for your essay or thesis. A bibliography can be found at the end of essays or theses or within books or at the end of journal articles. Bibliographies can be presented in one alphabetical sequence, or if the works are very diverse it may be subdivided. It is now common to separate the bibliography by the type of publication, e.g. book. journal. internet. etc. A list of references contains details ONLY of those works cited in the text.    Remember: compiling a bibliography or list of references should be an exercise in accuracy, legibility and consistency. Citing different types of publications Below are examples of how to cite different types of publications/ Note: Each example includes a list of components that you need to include when citing a particular type of publication. Books   The directory of business support services for creative people working in the cultural industry. Victoria: Business Creations Pty Ltd, 1998. Periodical articles ‘Cinderella dresses’, Connoisseur, 220(1990) : 92-95. Conference papers ‘The age of migrating ideas: early mediaeval art in Northern Britain and Ireland’. International Conference on Insular Art : proceedings of the second International Conference on Insular Art, Edinburgh, 3-6 January, 1991. Edinburgh, National Museums of Scotland, 1993 : 39-46. Thesis   Assemblage : a visual focus on the organisation of manufactured objects as artworks. (M.Fine Art thesis), Melbourne : Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1997. Reports   Australia Council, National Centre for Culture and Recreation Statistics. Artswork : a report on Australians working in the arts. Australia Council for the Arts, 1997.      Videorecordings  [videorecording], producer , written by  TAFE National Video Resource Centre, 1995. Slides Cow’s skull, red, white and blue. [slide], Oil : 39 7/8 x 35 7/8 in., 1931 Internet sources Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law.  For this reason it is important to cite Internet references in your bibliography just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have extended the system used for print resources and applied this to electronic resources. The information provided in a citation should be sufficient to accurately identify the resource. A date of access is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.  Note: The examples below have been adapted from Harvard style and an alternative style as shown in the printed sources above. Individual work/website  [updated 4 October, 1999]. ‘Artist’s Projects’, ARTSOURCE, [online]  (1999), [ 8 February, 2000] Electronic Journal or periodical article Alternative style example:  ‘Twisted tales of place’, Globe – ejournal [online] 10 (August) : 1999,  8 February 2000] Personal email  [sophia@minyos.its.rmit.edu.au] Citing Electronic Resources.  8 February 2000.       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Bibliography and Reference Guide

RMIT Artfind Bibliography and Reference Guide When writing essays or thesis you are required to ...

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a reference list at the end of the essay which contains the references cited in alphabetical order by author. The reference list contains the full details of the book or journal cited. Because you only refer to a shortened form of works in the main essay (author, date) your essay doesn’t get filled with too much reference material. The use of the author/date shorthand does make it easy to locate works in the reference list. Other referencing systems use superscript numbers to refer to footnotes but these can become overcomplicated as the number of footnotes rises, and the chance of misnumbering occurs. An example from the main body of a text: Within the last ten years, teachers who have attended INSET courses have reported that the courses have helped to increase their competence and confidence in using IT (1993; 1990), yet despite the fact that the passing years have presented opportunities for more teachers to increase their skills in IT, weaknesses identified by  (1992) seem to be still evident ( 1998; 1997). This suggests that we need to look for explanations other than attendance at INSET courses for the reasons for the apparently poor state of teachers’ competence and confidence in IT. In this text the author is citing entire works by other researchers to support her argument. Notice the use of brackets and the author/s and dates of all works. Another example from the main body of a text: One resource provided in the secondary speech genre is the “posited author” (1981, p. 312). Here the quotation is a direct one so a page number has been added. Quotations of no more than two sentences can be incorporated into the main text and marked off with quotation marks, but if you quote a longer passage it must be placed in a separate paragraph and indented from the left and right margins of the main text. Reference lists All references used in the main body of assignment need including in the reference list. This is arranged in alphabetical order by author surname. Books, journals and other media are all included in the same list, do not start separate lists for books and journals, it will confuse your reader. Books Books are listed by author, date, title, place of publication, publisher:  (1988) Cognition in Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The title of the book is either underlined or placed in italics, whichever style you use you should stick to it for all references. When the books has more than one author then list them in order they appear on the book, if it has more than 3 then the abbreviation et. al. (and others) can be used. If an author has published more than book or journal in a year then mark each one with an a,b,c etc. after the date. For example ( 1989a). Make sure the reference in the body of the text corresponds to the one in the reference list at the end of your work. Journals Journals are listed by author, date, title of article, title of journal, part number, page numbers (beginning of article – end of article  (1991) ‘Towards a pedagogy for information technology’, The Curriculum Journal, 2, 2 153-70. The title of the journal is underlined or italicised because someone searching for the article in a library will first need to find the journal. The page numbers help to locate the article quickly. Chapters in edited books When you need to quote from a chapter in an edited book you need to follow this form. In your main text you quote the author of the chapter (not the editor/s of the book) and the date of the book. In the reference list you quote the author and date of the chapter first, and follow it with a reference to the book. In the following example, the chapter by Schlegoff has been quoted, so ( 1972) or a variant would appear in the main text, followed by this in the reference section.  (1972) Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D.  Studies in Social Interaction (). New York: Free Press. Note the use of page numbers to identify the chapter – as in journal citation. Electronic Information The key to referencing a CD-ROM or website is similar to a book or journal – you need to know the author, date and title. For web pages you must include the full address of the page, not just the address of the site. This can be copied from the address bar which normally appears at the top of the browser. (1999) Online study skills guide,  16/9/99. An extra date, the date you accessed the page is included at the end of the reference, because webpages, unlike books, can be modified and even disappear entirely. To reference material on a CD-ROM use this format:  (1997) A Guide to Icelandic Literature, CD-ROM, London: Placebo Publishers. If you cannot find the date of a web page then mark it as “date unknown”. If you cannot find a named author of an electronic source then either use the organisation in place of the author (e.g. BBC) or mark it as “author unknown”. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a ...

Refencing guide

Copyright © 2006 The Robert Gordon University   Conditions of Use   All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or storage in any information retrieval system, without prior written permission.   Please address all enquiries to: The Robert Gordon University Aberdeen Business School Garthdee Road Aberdeen AB10 7QE     The Robert Gordon University Website http://www.rgu.ac.uk   Aberdeen Business School Website http://www.rgu.ac.uk/abs     Introduction       The purpose of this guide is to provide you with information on how to incorporate references to your sources in coursework assignments at the Aberdeen Business School.   You should always refer to the sources of information used in your assignments.  References are essential when direct quotations are given in the text, and when the ideas, arguments, etc. of another author are rewritten in your own words.    In assessing your work, tutors will expect you to have applied the guidance in these notes.    In some cases, your grade may be reduced if you do not reference sources thoroughly, because you have not shown how much work you have done.   If you deliberately use other people’s words or ideas without their permission and/or proper acknowledgement, this constitutes plagiarism – which the University considers to be a form of cheating.    If there is any doubt whether an item needs a reference the best policy is to provide one.  This helps ensure against potential charges of academic misconduct.  Remember you are required to sign a declaration when you submit coursework that you have acknowledged all quotations and all sources of information.   It is recommended that you refer to this guide before you submit each new coursework assignment.     Why is referencing necessary?     References are required for: ·                     quotations from the work of other writers; ·                     summaries or paraphrases of the work of other writers; ·                     ideas or material based on the work of other writers.   Coursework assignments are designed to test your understanding of a topic.  You show that you understand by your ability to use relevant information.  The main skills being assessed are your ability to: ·                     select relevant information; ·                     collate the information, and organise a structure in which to present it logically; ·                     analyse the information, and construct arguments around it that leads to a sensible conclusion.   The purpose of using a variety of books, journals, and other information sources is to: ·                     show some evidence of your efforts; ·                     provide relevant material; ·                     build on other people’s arguments; ·                     help construct an argument of your own; ·                     ensure a balanced approach.   You are expected to support your statements by using information selected from the sources that you have read.  This adds credibility to your report, because the source can be checked and followed up.  It is not enough just to list the sources that you have consulted in your list of references and the bibliography.  Your own effort must be identifiable, and the boundaries between your own words or ideas and someone else’s must be clearly defined.    All quotations of the original words that you have found in the sources that you have consulted must be put in “quotation marks”, and followed by an appropriate reference.  If quotations are short (less than 3 lines), incorporate them “in the text of your coursework and use quotation marks”.  If quotations are long (3 lines or more), the accepted practice is to use single spacing, to indent both margins, and to use quotation marks.  For example:   The argument for and against euthanasia provide endless debate and present irreconcilable differences of opinion.  As Morgan states,   “(e)uthanasia is an endless debate; likewise physician assisted suicide.  Proponents are frequently portrayed as playing fast and loose with the sanctity of human life.  Opponents are painted as fanatical do-gooders intent on imposing their enduring spiritual views on increasingly secular Western societies.  Both caricatures have elements of farce and fairness in them, in an old debate where, too frequently, fiction takes the place of fact, where fable does the work of narrative and where demons and panics abound”.[1]   It is quite common to have an extract that you wish to quote in full which does not quite fit the grammatical structure of your sentence.  Here, the quoted section starts, in the original version, with a capital E, but in order to fit the sentence structure, it is made to run on from the author’s own opening clause.  In these cases, accepted practice is to alter the structure of the quoted extract as necessary, and to use brackets to identify the parts which have been altered.  Hence “(e)uthanasia” in place of “Euthanasia”.    If a part of the original quoted extract is irrelevant, it can be omitted.  It should be shown thus.  The omitted part of the text has been replaced with “ … “.   “(e)uthanasia is an endless debate; likewise physician assisted suicide.  Proponents are frequently portrayed as playing fast and loose with the sanctity of human life.  Opponents are painted as fanatical do-gooders … .  Both caricatures have elements of farce and fairness in them, in an old debate where, too frequently, fiction takes the place of fact, where fable does the work of narrative and where demons and panics abound”. (Morgan 2001 p. 203).   (Note that in the earlier example, the Vancouver numeric referencing system was used.  In this second example, the Harvard system has been used. Systems for referencing will be described shortly)   Paraphrases (i.e. when you re-write and/or summarise someone’s ideas in your own words) should be preceded by or include “X argues that … ” or a similar phrase, and also followed by the appropriate reference.    Indirect sources ‑ when you have not read the book yourself ‑ must be identified as such; this is called “secondary referencing”.  You can preface a reference of this type by a phrase such as, “X supports Y’s view that … “.  (References should not be made to something you have not actually read; the reference in your work should always be to the item you have actually read, rather than the item to which the author refers.)     Referencing your sources     Academic work may use one of a variety of citation systems to record references in a systematic format. You are strongly urged to ensure that you adhere consistently and accurately to either the Harvard system or the Vancouver numeric system of referencing; do not combine both methods in any single piece of work.  The Harvard system should be used for all coursework in the Aberdeen Business School unless otherwise advised (e.g. generally for work to be submitted to the Department of Law, and for some kinds of work submitted to the Department of Information Management).  Full details of both the Harvard and Vancouver systems can be found in the Library guides on the web at http://www.rgu.ac.uk/library/howto/page.cfm?pge=25531; the guides give examples of the layout of the citations; the layout differs between Harvard and Vancouver so you are strongly advised to check the guides before starting. Some key points about both systems are given below.         Harvard System       This is the system that has been used throughout this guide, except the example given on page 7.  In the Harvard system, correctly citing references requires 1.   Citing the author’s name and year of publication within the text, 2.   A references list containing the full details of the publications or quotes you have referred to within your work; this is placed at the end of the work. and ordered alphabetically by author surname – see the references and bibliographies included in this guide for examples. If an author has produced more than one item, then these entries are listed in order of year of publication. 3.   You may wish to add a separate bibliography of material you have consulted, but not directly referred to within your work.   Within the text, the author’s surname and year of publication are quoted in brackets. However, if the author’s name appears naturally in the text only the date need be included in brackets.  Where only a part of a document is required, the page numbers should follow the date and be included in brackets.  If you want to emphasise the point you are making by using a short direct quote from a textbook or article, remember also to state the page number.  For example,   “Use italics and/or bold type to emphasise that it is a direct quote and inverted commas at either end of the quote” (Burnett 1997 p. 1).       Vancouver numeric system       In the Vancouver numeric system, there are three elements to correctly citing a reference; 1.   references are cited within the text as numbers in brackets or superscript e.g. (4) or Cameron4, in the order that they occur.  Numbers may refer to bibliographic citations or to comments, or to both.  2.   endnotes which give complete details of the material referred to, including page numbers, chapter numbers etc. These usually appear as footnotes at the bottom of each page, or may be added at the end of the chapter. 3.   a bibliography which contains lists all the items you have cited and/or used (so may include references you have used but not cited within the text) and appears at the end of the work. The references are listed in alphabetical order by author. However, the Vancouver style bibliography cites the book or articles as a whole, not particular bits within it.   Your word-processing system may enable you to include the reference numbers and to place the citation details as a footnote at the bottom of the appropriate page, using ‘References’ in the ‘Insert’ menu in the tool bar.  If you move a block of text including a reference number, it will automatically move the citation for you and reorganise the numbering.    Multiple citations of one document should receive separate numbers.  If you use the same source later within your coursework, a different reference number is used and you will need to repeat the citation in full, or use the author’s surname and ibid (where the footnote refers to a different page of the last mentioned work) or the author’s surname idem (where the footnote refers to both the same source and the same page as the previous footnote).   N.B.   – In a footnote reference, which is normal in legal writings, the initial comes before the surname, whereas in a list of references and the bibliography, the surname comes first).           – If the work has multiple authors, they should be listed in full in the bibliographical entry. Et al. is only appropriate in footnotes.       Incorporating references into a paragraph   A paragraph is a section of an argument.  A good paragraph should have ·                     an explanation of the points it is making; ·                     evidence on different sides of an argument; ·                     a reasoned conclusion.   Here are some examples, written to answer the question: What effect has Thatcherism had on the welfare state?   1.  A good paragraph     The ‘welfare state’ can be understood in two main senses: as an ideal, providing welfare as of right to everyone  at the best level possible (Briggs 1961 pp 228-230), and as a group of social welfare services developed in different countries (Flora, Heidenheimer 1982).  Thatcherism combined the liberalism of the new right (King 1987) with some aspects of traditional conservatism (Barry 1987); it argued for a reduction in the commitment to state welfare (Webb, Wistow 1982), coupled with punitive measures towards the poor (Golding 1986).  If the welfare state is seen as an ideal, then Thatcherism was opposed to it (Loney 1986); the Thatcher governments were criticised for the development of unequal provision (Field 1989), privatisation (Johnson 1990) and the ‘residualisation’ of welfare (especially in housing: Forrest, Murie 1988).  If, however, the welfare state is seen as a range of services, the practical impact seems more limited: welfare expenditure was largely maintained and even (in health and social security) increased (Hills 1990). The greatest impact seems to have come not from the reduction of state welfare, but from the reform of public sector administration (Wilding 1992) and management intended to imitate the workings of the private market (Le Grand, Bartlett 1993).  If so, the effect is not what Thatcherism seemed to promise at the outset.     This is a good paragraph because   ·                     There is lots of evidence of work; ·                     everything in it has a place; ·                     the terms are defined; ·                     arguments on different aspects are considered (the welfare state as ideal, or the welfare state as a range of services); ·                     where material is not covered fully, a reference is given to back up the generalisation; ·                     all statements of fact are supported by evidence; ·                     the paragraph comes to a reasoned conclusion.     2.  The same paragraph without references     The ‘welfare state’ can be understood in two main senses: as an ideal, providing welfare as of right to everyone  at the best level possible, and as a group of social welfare services developed in different countries.  Thatcherism combined the liberalism of the new right with some aspects of traditional conservatism; it argued for a reduction in the commitment to state welfare, coupled with punitive measures towards the poor.  If the welfare state is seen as an ideal, then Thatcherism was opposed to it; the Thatcher governments were criticised for the development of unequal provision, privatisation and the ‘residualisation’ of welfare (especially in housing).  If, however, the welfare state is seen as a range of services, the practical impact seems more limited: welfare expenditure was largely maintained and even (in health and social security) increased.  The greatest impact seems to have come not from the reduction of state welfare, but from the reform of public sector administration and management intended to imitate the workings of the private market.  If so, the effect is not what Thatcherism seemed to promise at the outset.     The words are the same, but this paragraph is not nearly as good.  It still has ·                     explanations of most terms; ·                     arguments on both sides; ·                     a conclusion.   However, it now lacks   ·                     evidence of work – clearly, some has been done but it is difficult to tell how much; ·                     material to back up the statements which are made;   The paragraph has assertions without evidence – which cannot be rewarded even if the marker happens to agree.     A similar argument in less detail     Thatcherism combined the liberalism of the new right with some aspects of traditional conservatism (Barry 1987); it argued for a reduction in the commitment to state welfare coupled with punitive measures towards the poor.  Thatcherism was opposed to the welfare state; examples were unequal provision, privatisation and the residualisation of welfare (Johnson 1990).  However, welfare expenditure was largely maintained and even (in health and social security) increased (Hills 1990), which suggests the government failed.    This is now missing any explanation of what we mean by a ‘welfare state’, and the conclusion is not really adequately supported by the argument, but it is not bad, because it does put two different opposing views with evidence. It shows, then, selection, ordering and some evaluation of material, and on that basis it would get a better mark than paragraph 2.     Conclusion   This guide has provided you with information on how to incorporate references to your sources in coursework assignments at the Aberdeen Business School.   You should always identify the sources of information used in your work.  References are essential when direct quotations are given in the text, and when the ideas, arguments, etc. of another author are rewritten in your own words.    In some cases, your grade may be reduced if you do not reference sources thoroughly, because you have not shown how much work you have done. If you deliberately use other people’s words or ideas without their permission and/or proper acknowledgement, this constitutes plagiarism – which the University considers to be a form of cheating.     Further reading     CAMERON, S., 2005. The Business Student’s Handbook – Learning Skills for Study and Employment. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.   The Robert Gordon University Library, 2006, How to cite references using the Harvard Style. [online], Aberdeen: RGU, available from http://www.rgu.ac.uk/files/ACF1580.pdf  [Accessed on 19th June 2006]   The Robert Gordon University Library, 2006, How to cite references using the Vancouver Style. [online], Aberdeen: RGU, available from http://www.rgu.ac.uk/files/Vancouver.pdf  [Accessed on 19th June 2006]       [1] D. Morgan, Issues in Medical Law and Ethics, London, Cavendish, 2001, p203. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Refencing guide

QUT Harvard style referencing

Your gen ebsite. Contents Part 1: Referencing and citation 2 Why is it important to cite and reference correctly? 2 What is citation? 3 What is referencing? 3 Plagiarism 3 Part 2: In-text citations 4 What needs to be cited in the text? 4 What does a citation include for author–date systems? 4 What does a citation include for numbered systems? 5 How do I put citations into the text? 5 Part 3: Reference lists 8 Before referencing 8 QUT’s recommended reference styles 10 Part 1: Referencing and citation It is essential to accurately reference any words or information you have ‘taken’ — or cited — from another source (for example, from a book, website, newspaper, journal, DVD, etc.) as part of studying at university. Why is it important to cite and reference correctly? At university you read widely. When you cite and reference in your writing, it is an opportunity to show readers the depth and quality of your reading and research. You reference in order to: add support to your ideas using expert facts or ideas acknowledge (to give credit for) facts and ideas you have used help other readers find the original facts and ideas — or ‘works’ — that you have used. avoid plagiarism. What is citation? Citation or citing is when you use information or words written by someone else in your work (in assignments, oral presentations, essays, reports, etc.) to support your argument or illustrate your point. What is referencing? Referencing is when you give bibliographic information — details such as author’s family name and the date and title of publication — about the sources you used in your work. You need to reference when you: use a direct quote from someone else give a summary of someone else’s ideas paraphrase someone else’s ideas copy some information (such as a picture, a table or some statistics). Accurate referencing must have two parts in most disciplines: 1. In-text citation: the acknowledgement of the author or source located within your assignment 2. Reference lists: full details of the author and sources listed at the end of your assignment. Note: Some disciplines, such as Law, may require a different system. Plagiarism Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty with strong penalties. Plagiarism is when you do not give credit to the author/s. This means not citing or referencing when: copying the work of another student directly copying or buying any part of another author’s work paraphrasing or summarising someone else’s ideas using the idea or thesis from someone else’s work using experimental results from someone else’s work directly copying and pasting information from the internet. You should read QUT’s policy on plagiarism (c/9.3 Procedures for academic dishonesty) to ensure you understand your responsibilities: www.mopp.qut.edu.au/C/C_09_03.jsp. What needs to be cited in the text? Any information (words, ideas, statistics, tables, data, pictures, photos, etc.) obtained from another author or source (e.g. textbooks, lecture materials, journals, websites, DVDs, etc.) — whether that information is used in a direct quotation or as a paraphrase — requires an in-text citation. Common knowledge, such as the symbol for water (H2O), does not need to be cited. Some students think citations are included in a paper only when a direct quotation is used. This is not true. All published material of an informative nature (i.e. information you used from your reading) should be acknowledged. What does a citation include for author–date systems? Example (QUT Harvard) Note use of quotation marks “You must cite the sources of each idea or item of information you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize or merely refer to it” (Harris 2005, 5). author’s family name year page When you add a citation into your text you need to include the following information in the particular sentence or paragraph, either at the beginning or the end: 1. Author’s family name or name of the source (organisation, government department, etc.). 2. Year of publication — look for the copyright symbol © in the source. This is usually in the front pages of a book or at the bottom of an internet page. 3. Page number where you found the information, or paragraph (¶) number if there is no page number on it because it is an internet source. Summaries of information/sources do not require page numbers if the information comes from many pages. 4. Single quotation marks (‘…’) (and then doubles (“…”) within singles if required) if you are copying the words exactly. Examples (QUT APA) ‘At the beginning’: Marras et al. (1995) note that peak load moment has been suggested to play a major role in defining lower back disorder risk. ‘At the end’: Peak load moment has been suggested to play a major role in defining lower back disorder risk (Marras et al., 1995). Some students think it is okay if you copy and paste more than three words as long as you add the author/source name. This is not true. If you copy more than three words you must also have single quotation marks . If you need to cite legal cases and legislation, law does not use an author–date system. If you are using a ‘non-law’ reference style such as Harvard for your writing, follow the requirements for referencing secondary sources such as books and journal articles. Cases and legislation should be referenced in full in the text of your writing. Part 2: In-text citations An example is set out below. Section 189 of the Migration Act (Cth) requires an officer to detain a person who is suspected of being an unlawful non-citizen. In Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562 the court considered the detention and removal of unlawful citizens. For instructions on how to incorporate references to primary law sources using a non-law style go to: Stuhmcke A, Legal Referencing, 3rd ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Australia, 2005. QUT Law Faculty Legal Referencing Style Guidelines www.law.qut.edu.au/files/ Legal_Reference_Style_Guide.pdf. What does a citation include for numbered systems? Examples (QUT Numbered) In the body of the text … ‘You must cite the sources of each idea or item of information you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize or merely refer to it.’1 In the reference list … [1] Harris R. Using sources effectively: Strengthening your writing and avoiding Plagiarism. 2nded. California: Pyrczak Pub; 2005. p.5 Note lack of final full stop in this style When adding a citation, direct quote, paraphrase or summary in your text, either place a superscript number (start at 1) or a number in brackets at the end of the information you are citing. How do I put citations into the text? There are three ways to write in-text citations: direct quotations indirect quotations/paraphrases summaries. Direct quotations: copying words directly Example (QUT APA) author’s family name year page Harris (2005, p. 5) writes ‘you must cite the sources of each idea or item of information you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize or merely refer to it’. Note single quotation marks to open and close 1. Copy the words exactly from the original source. 2. Add single quotation marks around the copied words. 3. Include the family/source name, year and page/paragraph numbers. Other guidelines Do not use too many direct quotations in your writing — always check with assignment criteria for information about the use of direct quotations. A common rule is to use a maximum of 10% of the word count as direct quotes in your assignment. As mentioned in Point 1 on page 4, you must copy the exact words from the original source. However, there are three situations where it is acceptable to change the original words slightly. Change the capital letter of the first word of the quotation to fit the flow of your sentence — in the example below the ‘A’ of ‘As’ has been changed to a lower case ‘a’: Harris (2005, p. 35) says ‘as you work on your paper visit your instructor to ask for input’. Add words in square brackets [ ] to make the meaning of the quote clearer to the reader: ‘Government [Queensland State] is connected about the cost of water’ (Courier Mail, 2007, p. 1). Use an ellipsis, which is three points (…), to show that you are leaving words out: ‘There is one exception to the rule of citing outside information. Common knowledge does not need to be cited … whatever an education person would be expected to know or could locate in an ordinary encyclopedia’ (Harris, 2005, p. 17). If the original source has a grammar or spelling mistake you should copy the mistake as is and add [sic] (note that it must be in italics and within square brackets) after the mistake. If the quotation includes another quotation made in the original, use the opposite type of quotation marks (i.e. “…”) to the singles (‘…’) that you started with. Long quotations use a different style to set them apart from your normal text. 1. Set up a block quotation (not part of the sentence). 2. Indent the block from the left and right margins and use single space only between the lines. 3. Do not use quotation marks for the block. 4. Include citation details either as a lead in to the block or at the end (see example below for ‘end’ placement). Example: block quotation (QUT Harvard) In Using Sources Effectively, Harris describes many different ways students should reference their work in academic institutions. The author believes that students must understand the importance of referencing: An important part of using sources effectively lies in distinguishing between your own ideas and the ideas that come from outside sources … When you make use of words, ideas or any information from a source other than your own knowledge and experience, you mist give credit to the source in a citation. (Harris 2005, 1) Referencing is clearly an important skill for students who wish to succeed in academic courses. Indirect quotations/paraphrases: rewriting the original words Examples Original source Cope (2007, 21) says that ‘plagiarism, a failure to acknowledge sources of material correctly, is an offence against professional standards and is a form of academic dishonesty’. Paraphrase (QUT Harvard) According to Cope (2007, 21) plagiarism occurs when writers do not reference ideas, and this is a very serious offence. Paraphrase (QUT APA) Cope (2007, p. 21) mentions that plagiarism happens when writers do not give credit to authors; it is dishonest and not professional. 1. Use your own words. Use synonyms and new phrases. If you use the source’s words directly, put those words in single quotations marks. You may use technical words that cannot be substituted. Make sure you accurately represent the source/author’s ideas. 2. Change the sentence pattern. Rewrite the ideas in a different sentence structure so that you are not copying the source/author’s style. 3. Change the order of the ideas. If the author gives two or three ideas change the order of discussion/explanation. 4. Provide the correct citation information. Include the family/source name, year and page/paragraph numbers. Summaries: referring to the source/ author’s main ideas 1. When you refer to general ideas or just want to acknowledge that an idea came from a secondary resource, then your in-text citation requires only family/source name and year (no page or paragraph numbers). Example (QUT Harvard) Plagiarism is an issue that all students should be aware of (Cope 2007). 2. All ideas that are not your own should be cited (and later referenced). If you read from many sources and have written ideas in your own words, but you know that you learned these ideas from other people list their names alphabetically in your in-text citation using a semicolon (;) to separate the sources. Example (QUT APA) Academic writing is more formal and complicated than informal writing, especially when authors need to consider acknowledging referencing (Cope, 2007; Oshima & Hogue, 1991; Putnis & Petelin, 1999). A reference list contains details of every resource you cited in your assignment. Below are general guidelines. The referencing style used by your faculty may be more specific — ask your lecturer or tutor which style is required. A reference list is: placed at the end of your assignment listed in alphabetical order by author/editor family name or by organisation name listed in chronological order where there is more than one work by the same author/editor complete and accurate consistent in use of referencing style. Bibliographies are different from reference lists. They include references used in the assignment plus other relevant or useful sources not quoted from but used in the preparation of your assignment. Before referencing When you research and prepare for assessment items it is important to take down the full bibliographic details (including the page numbers from which the information is taken) as you go — it can be very time consuming to follow up references later. For a book, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to: book author/editor family name and first name initial/s (note these details for as many authors or editors as the book recognises) or organisation name year of publication book title in full (main title and any subtitle noted) place of publication publisher. Part 3: Reference lists The example below shows a book referenced in QUT APA style. Publisher Book author’s family name Book author’s first name initials, spaced Year of publication Book title Turabian, K. L. (1973). A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Place of publication For a book chapter, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to: chapter author/editor family name and first name initial/s (note these details for as many authors or editors as the chapter recognises) year of publication chapter title book title in full book author/editor first name initials and family name (note reversed order here; see example) page numbers place of publication publisher. The example below shows a reference for a book chapter in QUT Harvard style. Bernstein, D. 1995. Transportation planning. In The civil engineering handbook, ed. W. F. Chen, 676–721. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Book editor’s family name Book editor’s first name initials Page numbers Chapter author’s family name Chapter author’s first name initial/s Year of publication Chapter title Book title Place of publication Publisher For a journal article, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to: article author family name and first name initial/s (note these details for as many authors as the article recognises) article title journal title date of publication date viewed volume and issue numbers page numbers (note use of the longer dash in the page span — ‘Ctrl’ plus the minus symbol on a standard keyboard’s number pad will give you this symbol) database name (if used). References to articles in print journals or PDF versions in databases are formatted using the same information. If an article is only available as html in a database, then you include the database name and access details. The example below shows a reference for a journal article from a database in QUT Numbered (Vancouver) style. Article author’s family name Article author’s first name initial/s Article title McBratney AB, Minasny B. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma [serial online]. 2003 February. [cited 2004 Feb 17];117 (2): 3–52. Available from: ScienceDirect Volume and issue Page numbers Database used Journal title Date of publication Date viewed QUT’s recommended reference styles There are four recommended referencing styles at QUT. You will need to ask your lecturer or tutor which style is used in your faculty. Author–date style In author–date styles, the reference list at the end of the document provides the full details of all works and sources that have been cited in-text. Author–date systems are those that use the author name, date and page numbering as the in-text citation. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author (or by title where there is no author), and chronologically for each author where more than one work of an author is cited. Examples of author–date systems used at QUT are APA and Harvard. APA The APA style is the publication style of the American Psychological Association. An example of a reference list in QUT APA style is below. For the complete guide to using QUT APA style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au. A book A chapter in a book A journal article Examples Bernstein, D. (1995). Transportation planning. In W. F. Chen (Ed.), The civil engineering handbook (pp. 676–721). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. McBratney, A. B., & Minasny, B. (2003). On digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 117(2), 3–52. Turabian, K. L. (1973). A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harvard QUT Harvard style is based on the Chicago Manual of Style. An example of a reference list in the QUT Harvard style is below. For the complete guide to using QUT Harvard style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au. Numbered style In the numbered style the reference list at the end of the document provides the full details of all works and sources that have been cited in-text. The references are listed in the order they appear in the document; that is, in numerical order, not alphabetical order. An example of a reference list in the QUT Numbered (Vancouver) style is provided below. For the complete guide to using QUT Numbered (Vancouver) style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au. Examples Bernstein, D. 1995. Transportation planning. In The civil engineering handbook, ed. W. F. Chen, 676–721. Boca Raton: CRC Press. McBratney, A. B. and B. Minasny. 2003. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma 117 (2): 3–52. Turabian, K. L. 1973. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A chapter in a book with page numbers A journal article A book Examples [1] Turabian KL. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1973 [2] Bernstein D. Transportation planning. In Chen WF, editor. The civil engineering handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1995. p. 676–721 [3] McBratney AB, Minasny B. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma [serial online]. 2003 February [cited 2004 Feb 17]; 117 (2): 3–52. Available from ScienceDirect A chapter in a book A journal article from a database A book Legal styles Legal writing employs a numbered note style to reference its footnotes. This refers the reader to the relevant numbered note at the bottom (or ‘foot’) of the page where the citation information is provided. Law students at QUT are required to use the QUT Law Faculty Legal Referencing Style Guidelines. A bibliography created using this style will include all secondary sources used in the preparation of the assignment, in addition to the secondary sources cited in the assignment (and referenced in the footnotes). Cases in alphabetical order Bibliography in alphabetical order by author’s last name Legislation in jurisdiction (in alphabetical order) and then in alphabetical order by short title of Act Primary sources (cases and legislation) are not included in the bibliography. If you are required to list the cases or legislation you have used at the end of the assignment, this is called one of the following: case list table of cases legislation list table of legislation. Note that these are separate lists. An example of QUT Law style is set out below. Case list Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562 Giannarelli v Wraith (1991) 171 CLR 592 Peat v Lin [2005] 1 Qd R 40 Legislation list Commonwealth Evidence Act 1995 Queensland Acts Interpretation Act 1954 Evidence Act 1977 Bibliography Harris R, Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening your Writing and Avoiding Plagiarism , 2nd ed, Pyrczak Pub, California, 2005. Stuhmcke A, Legal Referencing, 3rd ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Australia, 2005. © QUT 2008 Produced by QUT Publications 14464 Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

QUT Harvard style referencing

Your gen ebsite. Contents Part 1: Referencing and citation 2 Why is it important to cite and reference correctly? 2 What is ci...