QUT Harvard style referencing

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Contents

Part 1:

Referencing and citation 2

Why is it important to cite and reference correctly? 2

What is citation? 3

What is referencing? 3

Plagiarism 3

Part 2:

In-text citations 4

What needs to be cited in the text? 4

What does a citation include for author–date systems? 4

What does a citation include for numbered systems? 5

How do I put citations into the text? 5

Part 3:

Reference lists 8

Before referencing 8

QUT’s recommended reference styles 10

Part 1: Referencing and citation

It is essential to accurately reference any words or information you

have ‘taken’ — or cited — from another source (for example, from

a book, website, newspaper, journal, DVD, etc.) as part of studying

at university.

Why is it important to cite and reference

correctly?

At university you read widely. When you cite and reference in your

writing, it is an opportunity to show readers the depth and quality of

your reading and research.

You reference in order to:

add support to your ideas using expert facts or ideas

acknowledge (to give credit for) facts and ideas you have

used

help other readers find the original facts and ideas — or

‘works’ — that you have used.

avoid plagiarism.

What is citation?

Citation or citing is when you use information

or words written by someone else in your work

(in assignments, oral presentations, essays,

reports, etc.) to support your argument or

illustrate your point.

What is referencing?

Referencing is when you give

bibliographic

information

— details such as author’s family

name and the date and title of publication

— about the sources you used in your work.

You need to reference when you:

use a direct quote from someone else

give a summary of someone else’s ideas

paraphrase someone else’s ideas

copy some information (such as a picture,

a table or some statistics).

Accurate referencing must have two parts in

most disciplines:

1. In-text citation: the acknowledgement of

the author or source located within your

assignment

2. Reference lists: full details of the author

and sources listed at the end of your

assignment.

Note: Some disciplines, such as Law, may

require a different system.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty with

strong penalties.

Plagiarism is when you do not

give credit to the author/s.

This means not citing

or referencing when:

copying the work of another student

directly copying or buying any part of

another author’s work

paraphrasing or summarising someone

else’s ideas

using the idea or thesis from someone

else’s work

using experimental results from someone

else’s work

directly copying and pasting information

from the internet.

You should read QUT’s policy on plagiarism

(c/9.3 Procedures for academic dishonesty) to

ensure you understand your responsibilities:

www.mopp.qut.edu.au/C/C_09_03.jsp.

What needs to be cited in the text?

Any information (words, ideas, statistics,

tables, data, pictures, photos, etc.) obtained

from another author or source (e.g. textbooks,

lecture materials, journals, websites, DVDs, etc.)

— whether that information is used in a direct

quotation or as a paraphrase — requires an

in-text citation.

Common knowledge, such as the symbol for

water (H2O), does not need to be cited.

Some students think citations are included in

a paper only when a direct quotation is used.

This is not true. All published material of an

informative nature (i.e. information you used

from your reading) should be acknowledged.

What does a citation include for

author–date systems?

Example (QUT Harvard)

Note use of quotation marks

“You must cite the sources of each idea

or item of information you use, whether

you quote, paraphrase or summarize or

merely refer to it” (Harris 2005, 5).

author’s family name year page

When you add a citation into your text you

need to include the following information in the

particular sentence or paragraph, either at the

beginning or the end:

1. Author’s family name or name of

the source (organisation, government

department, etc.).

2. Year of publication — look for the

copyright symbol © in the source. This is

usually in the front pages of a book or at

the bottom of an internet page.

3. Page number where you found the

information, or paragraph (¶) number if

there is no page number on it because

it is an internet source. Summaries of

information/sources do not require page

numbers if the information comes from

many pages.

4. Single quotation marks (‘…’) (and then

doubles (“…”) within singles if required) if

you are copying the words exactly.

Examples (QUT APA)

‘At the beginning’:

Marras et al. (1995) note that peak load

moment has been suggested to play a major

role in defining lower back disorder risk.

‘At the end’:

Peak load moment has been suggested to

play a major role in defining lower back

disorder risk (Marras et al., 1995).

Some students think it is okay if you copy and

paste more than three words as long as you add

the author/source name. This is not true. If you

copy more than three words

you must also have

single quotation marks

.

If you need to cite legal cases and legislation, law

does not use an author–date system. If you are

using a ‘non-law’ reference style such as Harvard

for your writing, follow the requirements for

referencing secondary sources such as books

and journal articles. Cases and legislation should

be referenced in full in the text of your writing.

Part 2: In-text citations

An example is set out below.

Section 189 of the Migration Act (Cth)

requires an officer to detain a person

who is suspected of being an unlawful

non-citizen. In Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004)

219 CLR 562 the court considered the

detention and removal of unlawful citizens.

For instructions on how to incorporate references

to primary law sources using a non-law style go to:

Stuhmcke A, Legal Referencing, 3rd ed,

Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Australia, 2005.

QUT Law Faculty Legal Referencing Style

Guidelines www.law.qut.edu.au/files/

Legal_Reference_Style_Guide.pdf.

What does a citation include for

numbered systems?

Examples (QUT Numbered)

In the body of the text …

‘You must cite the sources of each idea

or item of information you use, whether

you quote, paraphrase or summarize or

merely refer to it.’1

In the reference list …

[1] Harris R. Using sources effectively:

Strengthening your writing and avoiding

Plagiarism. 2nded. California: Pyrczak

Pub; 2005. p.5

Note lack of final full stop in this style

When adding a citation, direct quote, paraphrase

or summary in your text, either place a superscript

number (start at 1) or a number in brackets at the

end of the information you are citing.

How do I put citations into the text?

There are three ways to write in-text citations:

direct quotations

indirect quotations/paraphrases

summaries.

Direct quotations: copying words

directly

Example (QUT APA)

author’s family name

year page

Harris (2005, p. 5) writes ‘you must cite the

sources of each idea or item of information

you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or

summarize or merely refer to it’.

Note single quotation marks to open

and close

1. Copy the words exactly from the original

source.

2. Add single quotation marks around the

copied words.

3. Include the family/source name, year and

page/paragraph numbers.

Other guidelines

Do not use too many direct quotations in your

writing — always check with assignment criteria

for information about the use of direct quotations.

A common rule is to use a maximum of 10%

of the word count as direct quotes in your

assignment.

As mentioned in Point 1 on page 4, you must

copy the exact words from the original source.

However, there are three situations where it is

acceptable to change the original words slightly.

Change the capital letter of the first word

of the quotation to fit the flow of your

sentence — in the example below the

‘A’ of ‘As’ has been changed to a lower

case ‘a’:

Harris (2005, p. 35) says ‘as you work on

your paper visit your instructor to ask for

input’.

Add words in square brackets [ ] to make

the meaning of the quote clearer to the

reader:

‘Government [Queensland State] is

connected about the cost of water’

(Courier Mail, 2007, p. 1).

Use an ellipsis, which is three points (…),

to show that you are leaving words out:

‘There is one exception to the rule of citing

outside information. Common knowledge

does not need to be cited … whatever

an education person would be expected

to know or could locate in an ordinary

encyclopedia’ (Harris, 2005, p. 17).

If the original source has a grammar or spelling

mistake you should copy the mistake as is and

add [sic] (note that it must be in italics and within

square brackets) after the mistake.

If the quotation includes another quotation made

in the original, use the

opposite type of quotation

marks

(i.e. “…”) to the singles (‘…’) that you

started with.

Long quotations use a different style to set them

apart from your normal text.

1. Set up a block quotation (not part of the

sentence).

2. Indent the block from the left and right

margins and use single space only

between the lines.

3. Do not use quotation marks for the block.

4. Include citation details either as a lead in

to the block or at the end (see example

below for ‘end’ placement).

Example: block quotation (QUT Harvard)

In Using Sources Effectively, Harris

describes many different ways students

should reference their work in academic

institutions. The author believes that

students must understand the importance

of referencing:

An important part of using sources

effectively lies in distinguishing between

your own ideas and the ideas that

come from outside sources … When

you make use of words, ideas or any

information from a source other than

your own knowledge and experience,

you mist give credit to the source in a

citation. (Harris 2005, 1)

Referencing is clearly an important skill for

students who wish to succeed in academic

courses.

Indirect quotations/paraphrases:

rewriting the original words

Examples

Original source

Cope (2007, 21) says that ‘plagiarism, a

failure to acknowledge sources of material

correctly, is an offence against professional

standards and is a form of academic

dishonesty’.

Paraphrase (QUT Harvard)

According to Cope (2007, 21) plagiarism

occurs when writers do not reference ideas,

and this is a very serious offence.

Paraphrase (QUT APA)

Cope (2007, p. 21) mentions that plagiarism

happens when writers do not give

credit to authors; it is dishonest and not

professional.

1. Use your own words.

Use synonyms and new phrases.

If you use the source’s words directly,

put those words in single quotations

marks.

You may use technical words that

cannot be substituted.

Make sure you accurately represent

the source/author’s ideas.

2. Change the sentence pattern.

Rewrite the ideas in a different

sentence structure so that you are not

copying the source/author’s style.

3. Change the order of the ideas.

If the author gives two or three

ideas change the order of

discussion/explanation.

4. Provide the correct citation information.

Include the family/source name, year

and page/paragraph numbers.

Summaries: referring to the source/

author’s main ideas

1. When you refer to general ideas or just

want to acknowledge that an idea came

from a secondary resource, then your

in-text citation requires only family/source

name and year (no page or paragraph

numbers).

Example (QUT Harvard)

Plagiarism is an issue that all students

should be aware of (Cope 2007).

2. All ideas that are not your own should be

cited (and later referenced). If you read

from many sources and have written ideas

in your own words, but you know that you

learned these ideas from other people list

their names alphabetically in your in-text

citation using a semicolon (;) to separate

the sources.

Example (QUT APA)

Academic writing is more formal and

complicated than informal writing,

especially when authors need to consider

acknowledging referencing (Cope, 2007;

Oshima & Hogue, 1991; Putnis & Petelin,

1999).

A reference list contains details of every resource

you cited in your assignment.

Below are general

guidelines.

The referencing style used by your

faculty may be more specific — ask your lecturer

or tutor which style is required.

A reference list is:

placed at the end of your assignment

listed in alphabetical order by author/editor

family name or by organisation name

listed in chronological order where there

is more than one work by the same

author/editor

complete and accurate

consistent in use of referencing style.

Bibliographies are different from reference lists.

They include references used in the assignment

plus other relevant or useful sources not quoted

from but used in the preparation of your

assignment.

Before referencing

When you research and prepare for assessment

items it is important to take down the full

bibliographic details (including the page numbers

from which the information is taken) as you go

— it can be very time consuming to follow up

references later.

For a book, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to:

book author/editor family name and first

name initial/s (note these details for as

many authors or editors as the book

recognises) or organisation name

year of publication

book title in full (main title and any subtitle

noted)

place of publication

publisher.

Part 3: Reference lists

The example below shows a book referenced in QUT APA style.

Publisher

Book author’s family name

Book author’s first name initials, spaced

Year of publication Book title

Turabian, K. L. (1973). A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press.

Place of publication

For a book chapter, ‘full bibliographic details’

refers to:

chapter author/editor family name and

first name initial/s (note these details for

as many authors or editors as the chapter

recognises)

year of publication

chapter title

book title in full

book author/editor first name initials and

family name (note reversed order here;

see example)

page numbers

place of publication

publisher.

The example below shows a reference for a book chapter in QUT Harvard style.

Bernstein, D. 1995. Transportation planning. In The civil engineering handbook, ed. W. F. Chen, 676–721.

Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Book editor’s family name

Book editor’s first name initials Page numbers

Chapter author’s family name

Chapter author’s first name initial/s

Year of publication

Chapter title Book title

Place of publication

Publisher

For a journal article, ‘full bibliographic details’

refers to:

article author family name and first name

initial/s (note these details for as many

authors as the article recognises)

article title

journal title

date of publication

date viewed

volume and issue numbers

page numbers (note use of the longer

dash in the page span — ‘Ctrl’ plus the

minus symbol on a standard keyboard’s

number pad will give you this symbol)

database name (if used).

References to articles in print journals or PDF

versions in databases are formatted using the

same information. If an article is only available

as html in a database, then you include the

database name and access details.

The example below shows a reference for a journal article from a database in QUT Numbered

(Vancouver) style.

Article author’s family name

Article author’s first name initial/s

Article title

McBratney AB, Minasny B. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma [serial online]. 2003 February. [cited 2004

Feb 17];117 (2): 3–52. Available from: ScienceDirect

Volume and issue Page numbers Database used

Journal title Date of publication Date viewed

QUT’s recommended reference

styles

There are four recommended referencing styles

at QUT. You will need to ask your lecturer or tutor

which style is used in your faculty.

Author–date style

In author–date styles, the reference list at the end

of the document provides the full details of all

works and sources that have been cited in-text.

Author–date systems are those that use the

author name, date and page numbering as the

in-text citation.

The reference list is arranged alphabetically by

author (or by title where there is no author), and

chronologically for each author where more than

one work of an author is cited.

Examples of author–date systems used at QUT

are APA and Harvard.

APA

The APA style is the publication style of the

American Psychological Association. An example

of a reference list in QUT APA style is below. For

the complete guide to using QUT APA style, see

www.citewrite.qut.edu.au.

A book

A chapter

in a book

A journal

article

Examples

Bernstein, D. (1995). Transportation planning. In W. F. Chen (Ed.),

The civil

engineering handbook

(pp. 676–721). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

McBratney, A. B., & Minasny, B. (2003). On digital soil mapping. Geoderma,

117(2), 3–52.

Turabian, K. L. (1973). A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Harvard

QUT Harvard style is based on the Chicago Manual of Style. An example of a reference list in the QUT

Harvard style is below. For the complete guide to using QUT Harvard style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au.

Numbered style

In the numbered style the reference list at the end

of the document provides the full details of all

works and sources that have been cited in-text.

The references are listed in the order they appear

in the document; that is, in numerical order, not

alphabetical order.

An example of a reference list in the QUT

Numbered (Vancouver) style is provided below.

For the complete guide to using QUT Numbered

(Vancouver) style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au.

Examples

Bernstein, D. 1995. Transportation planning. In The civil engineering handbook,

ed. W. F. Chen, 676–721. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

McBratney, A. B. and B. Minasny. 2003. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma

117 (2): 3–52.

Turabian, K. L. 1973. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

A chapter

in a book

with page

numbers

A journal

article

A book

Examples

[1] Turabian KL. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1973

[2] Bernstein D. Transportation planning. In Chen WF, editor. The civil

engineering handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1995. p. 676–721

[3] McBratney AB, Minasny B. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma [serial online].

2003 February [cited 2004 Feb 17]; 117 (2): 3–52. Available from ScienceDirect

A chapter

in a book

A journal

article

from a

database

A book

Legal styles

Legal writing employs a numbered note style to

reference its footnotes. This refers the reader

to the relevant numbered note at the bottom (or

‘foot’) of the page where the citation information

is provided.

Law students at QUT are required to use the

QUT Law Faculty Legal Referencing Style

Guidelines. A bibliography created using this style

will include all secondary sources used in the

preparation of the assignment, in addition to the

secondary sources cited in the assignment (and

referenced in the footnotes).

Cases in alphabetical

order

Bibliography in

alphabetical order by

author’s last name

Legislation in

jurisdiction (in

alphabetical

order) and then in

alphabetical order by

short title of Act

Primary sources (cases and legislation) are not

included in the bibliography.

If you are required to list the cases or legislation

you have used at the end of the assignment, this

is called one of the following:

case list

table of cases

legislation list

table of legislation.

Note that these are separate lists.

An example of QUT Law style is set out below.

Case list

Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562

Giannarelli v Wraith (1991) 171 CLR 592

Peat v Lin [2005] 1 Qd R 40

Legislation list

Commonwealth

Evidence Act 1995

Queensland

Acts Interpretation Act 1954

Evidence Act 1977

Bibliography

Harris R,

Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening your Writing and

Avoiding Plagiarism

, 2nd ed, Pyrczak Pub, California, 2005.

Stuhmcke A, Legal Referencing, 3rd ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths,

Australia, 2005.

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