Guidelines on Reference Listing – The Harvard System
The Harvard citation system gives guidance on including references in your written work and on constructing a list of references at the end. It is the system you are recommended to use unless directed to use another.
The purpose of references is to enable you to acknowledge the written works of other authors you have referred to in your writing. The aim of the list of references is to make it possible, if desired, for the reader to locate and obtain a copy of the works you have referred to.
This paper only briefly describes the essentials of the Harvard system. If you need more assistance, for instance with government or parliamentary publications, your Library Information Service Manager (LISM) will be pleased to help.
1) REFERENCES
a) Reference
When another writer’s work is referred to, the author’s name and year of publication of the work should be included in the body of your writing,
e.g. Kaufman (1987) advances the notion that elderly people maintain a sense of continuity with their past lives.
Health is dynamic and this makes it difficult to define it unambiguously as a concept (Seedhouse, 1986).
b) Direct quotation
If a writer’s work is directly quoted from, the quote, in inverted commas, should be indented on the page and followed by the writer’s name, year of publication and the page number(s) of the quote,
e.g. Once again, reading Benner’s work shows how she makes it clear that:“intuitive grasp should not be confused with mysticism since it is available only in situations where a deep background understanding of the situation exists.”
(Benner, 1984, 295)
c) Second hand references (secondary sources)
If it is not possible to check the original source, refer as necessary and use “cited by” and the name of the author and the year of publication of the text actually quoted from. In general, over use of secondary material should be avoided.
e.g. Torres (1990) suggests that the individual is the ‘core’ of nursing practice (cited by Jasper, 1994).
Merleau-Ponty (1962, cited by Munhall 1989) suggests that key concepts relating to this are embedded in individual experience.
In a list of references, include details of the publications by JASPER, M.A (1994) and MUNHALL, P.L. (1989).
2) LIST OF REFERENCES
The reference list is given at the end of written work in a prescribed order using a standard format and punctuation.
Arrangement
a) References are arranged alphabetically by the author’s name; different works by the same author are arranged in order of year of publication,
e.g. AGGLETON, P. (1987) …
BALLANTYNE (1986)
HEALTH EDUCATION AUTHORITY (1993) …
HINCHLIFF, S.M. ed (1979) …
HINCHLIFF, S.M. (1987) …
JAMIESON, E.M., McCALL, J and BLYTHE, R. (1992) …
b) If works are published by the same author in the same year, they should be listed in alphabetical order of title, using a, b, etc. after the year,
e.g. BURNARD, P. (1987a) Counselling – basic principles in nursing.
Professional Nurse 2(9) Jun 278-280.
BURNARD, P. (1987b) Sharing a viewpoint. Senior Nurse 7(3) Sep 38-39
In the body of your writing, they are correspondingly referred to as Burnard (1987a), Burnard (1987b) etc.
Format
Book
AUTHOR, INITIALS. (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Name of publisher (Series – if relevant)
e.g. BALY, M.E. (1984) Professional responsibility. 2nd ed. London: Wiley & Sons (Topics in Community Health)
Article
AUTHOR, INITIALS. (Year) Title. Name of Journal Volume number (Issue Number) (This is not included for journals published weekly) Date of issue First and last pages
e.g. SULLIVAN, P.J. (1993) Occupational stress in psychiatric nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 18(4) Apr 591-601
BARKER, P. (1989) Rules of engagement. Nursing Times 85 20 Dec 58-60
Some additional details to identify a work clearly are:
(i) Two authors
Both are named in the body of your writing, e.g. Aggleton and Chalmers (1986). Publication details in your list of references are given under the author named first,
e.g. AGGLETON, P. and CHALMERS, H. (1986) Nursing models and the nursing process. London: Macmillan
(ii) More than two authors
In the body of your writing use the first name followed by “et al” (a Latin abbreviation meaning “and others”),
e.g. In a recent study, Broadbent et al (1991) examine management of the health services after Griffiths.
In your list of references it is preferable to name all the authors.
(iii) A collection of works by different authors
If the whole work has been drawn on, give details under the editor’s name,
e.g. HINCHLIFF, S.M. ed (1986) Teaching clinical nursing 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
If, however, a quote has been made from one chapter of the collection, or only one chapter is relevant to your study, cite under the author of that chapter,
e.g. BALLANTYNE, E.J. (1986) Ward learning: opportunities and problems. In HINCHLIFF, S.M. ed Teaching clinical nursing. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 48-80
(iv) Organisations as authors
Where the work is not the responsibility of individuals it should be listed under the organisation. The full name of any organisation must be spelt out in full. Abbreviations can only be used if the full name has already been used in the same reference. The only exception is HMSO when the abbreviation is always used.
e.g. ROYAL COLLEGE OF MIDWIVES (1992) A philosophy for midwifery. London: RCM
HEALTH EDUCATION AUTHORITY (1993) Health promotion hospitals: principles and practices. London: HEA
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1992) The health of the nation: a strategy for health in England. London: HMSO
4.8 REFERENCING FROM THE INTERNET
Citation style for Internet sources using modified Harvard referencing:
SAMPLE CITATIONS FROM WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
Author’s last name/ first name or homepage/ institution /university/ business name (date if available); <email address if given>; title of document; Internet address URL <www.address>; date cited /available
If there is a stated author and/ or from an author’s homepage link
Rosen, Diane; Motivation Theory Summary; Internet address URL
<http://students.itec.sfsu.edt741/drosen/motive.html>; available on 17/06/97
Psych Drill Home Page; <Rgougis@xavier.xula.edu>; Sexuality, Motivation and Emotion; Internet address URL
<http://www.xula.ed/~rgougis/PsychDrill3/ch8over.htm>;a available on 17/06/97
From a University Internet site
University of Quebec, Canada; Concepts – Motivation; Internet address URL
<http://www.uqca.uquebec.ca/dse/3psy206/glossair/motiva.html>; available on 17/6/00
From an Institution Internet site
Agency for Health Care Policy & Research (1995); AHCPR Guidelines – Post Stroke Rehabilitation; Internet address URL <http://:www.medlib.com/achpr/psrehab/ahcprtoc.htm>; available on 01/07/97
From a Business Internet site
Business Open Learning Archive; BOLA Staff Appraisal – Maslow – The Self-Actualised Person; Internet address URL
<http://sol.brunel.ac.uk/~jarvis/bola/appraisal/maslow.htm>; available on 19/06/97
No stated author/university/institution/business Internet site
Class Notes Motivation: Why do we do what we do?; Internet address URL <http://www.educ.drake.edu/romig/edu106/notes/motivation.html>; available 19/06/97
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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