Below are some guidelines to follow when using the MLA and APA styles:
For in-text citation:
1. Author named in a signal phrase
M: Christine Haughney reports that “accidents caused by using cell phones while driving dropped by 75 percent” (81).
A: Christine Haughey (1996) . . . (p. 81).
H: Haughney (1996) . . . (p. 81).
2. Author cited in parenthesis
M: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney 81).
A: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney, 1996, p. 81).
H: It has been reported that . . . (Haughney 1996, p. 81).
3. Author unknown
M: It has been reported that . . . (“Cellphones” 81) or (Communication Technology 81)
A: It has been reported that . . . (“Cellphones,” 1999) or (Communication Technology, 1999)
H: It has been reported that . . . (‘Cellphones’ 1999) or (Communication Technology 1999)
4. Date unknown
A: use n.d. for no date e.g. (Smith, n.d.)
H: (Smith n.d.)
5. Page number unknown
M: It has been reported . . . (Haughney)
According to Haugney . . .
6. Multiple authors
For MLA:
a. 2 or 3 authors
M: Haughney and Blaine found out that . . . (100).
b. 4 or more authors
M: Haughney et al. 35
For APA:
a. 2 authors
Haughney and Blaine (2000)
b. 2 to 5 authors
Mention all authors on initial citation (Blaine, Brown, Smith & Williams, 1983)
For subsequent citations, use et al. (Blaine et al., 1983)
Apply second condition for works with six or more authors
For Harvard:
a. 2 to 3 authors
(Haughney & Blaine 2000)
b. 4 or more
(Haughney et al. 2000)
7. Authors with the same last name
M: (D. Smith 7)
A: (D. Smith, 1979)
H: (D. Smith 1979)
8. Indirect Source (source quoted in another source)
M: (qtd. in Kilgannon 25)
A: (as cited in Kilgannon, 1990, p. 86)
H: (cited in Kilgannon 1990, p. 86)
9. 2 or more works
M: (Blaine 40; Smith; William 78)
A: (Smith, 1989; Terrace & Brown, 2001)
H: (Smith 1989; Terrace & Brown 2001)
10. Two or more works by the same author in the same year
A: Use lower case letters
Kennedy (2000a)…
Kennedy (2000b)…
H: (Kennedy 2000a).
(Kennedy 2000b).
For Bibliography:
AUTHORS:
1. Single author
M: Brown, Deborah.
A: Brown, D.
H: Brown, D
2. Multiple authors
M: (2) Brown, Deborah, and Todd Taylor.
(3) Brown, Deborah, Todd Taylor and Janice Walker.
(4) You can cite all the authors’ names or Brown, Deborah, et al.
A: (2-6) Walker, J., & Taylor, T. (1998). – use ampersand (&) instead of the word “and”
(more) List first 6 authors, followed by et al.
H: (2-3) Walker, J & Taylor, T 1998,
(4 or more) Besanko, D, Dranove, D, Shanley, M & Schaefer 1998, (et al. is used for in text citations for 4 or more authors, but the names of all authors must be cited in the reference list)
3. Unknown author
Use the book/article title
M: “Vehicular Accidents.” or Communication Technology. (articles: in quotation marks; books: underlined)
A: Dollar rate increases. (1995, January 8). or Economics. (1996). (articles: no quotation marks; books: italicized)
H: ‘Dollar rate increases’, 1995, or Economics, 1996
4. 2 or more works by the same author
M: Blaine, Margaret. Research Guide. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
– - -. Thesis Writing. New York: Doubleday, 1996. (use 3 hyphens in place of the author’s name)
A: type in the author’s name for all entries; arrange the year in ascending order
James, P.C. (1997).
James, P.C. (2001).
H: James, PC 1997,
James, PC 2001,
5. Same author, same year
A: James, P.C. (1993a).
James, P.C. (1993b).
H: James, PC 1993a,
James, PC 1993b,
BOOKS:
1. Basic Format
M: Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001.
A: Tan, A. (2001). The Bonesetter’s Daughter. New York: Putnam.
H: Tan, A 2001, The Bonesetter’s Daughter, Putnam, New York.
2. Author with editor
M: Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. Ed. Paul Marion. New York: Putnam, 2001.
A: Tan, A. The Bonesetter’s Daughter. (P. Marion, Ed.). New York: Putnam, 2001.
3. Editor
M. Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.
A: Craig, P. (Ed.). (1996). The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP.
H: Craig, P (ed.) 1996, The Oxford Book of Travel Stories, Oxford UP, Oxford.
For Article or Chapter in an edited book.
A: Meskell, L. (2001). Archaeologies of identity. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 187-213). Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
H: Meskell, L 2001, ‘Archaeologies of identity‘, in I Hodder (ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 187-213), Polity Press, Cambridge, England.
4. Edition other than the first
M: Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 2000.
A: Auletta, K. (2000). The Underclass. (2nd ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook.
H: Auletta, K, 2000, The Underclass, 2nd edn, Overlook, Woodstock, NY.
5. Encyclopedia
M: Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Languages.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed. London: Academic Press, 1987.
A: Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. (15th ed.). London: Academic Press.
H: Posner, R 1987, ‘Romance Languages’, The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th edn, Academic Press, London.
PERIODICALS:
1. Magazine
M: Lord, Lewis. “There’s Something about Mary Todd.” US News & World Report 19 Feb. 2001: 53.
A: Lord, L. (2001, February 19). There’s Something about Mary Todd. US News & World Report, 53.
H: Lord, L 2001, ‘There’s Something about Mary Todd’, US News & World Report, 19 February, p. 53.
2. Journal
M: Ryan, Katy. “Apes and Monkeys.” African American Review. 34.3 (2000): 389-392.
A: Ryan, K. (2000). Apes and Monkeys. African American Review, 34(3), 389-392.
H: Ryan, K 2000, ‘Apes and Monkeys’, African American Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 389-392.
3. Newspaper
M: Murphy, Sean. “Meteor Strikes.” Boston Globe. 27 Mar. 2001: A2.
A: Murphy, S. (2001, March 27). Meteor Strikes. Boston Globe, A2.
H: Murphy, S 2001, ‘Meteor Strikes’, Boston Globe, 27 March, p. A2.
ELECTRONIC SOURCES:
MLA:
Content: name of the author; title of the article; title of the site, underlined; name of editors; date of last update; name of any sponsoring organization; date of access; URL.
Ex:
Peters, Susan. The Life of Martin Luther. 1999. 9 Mar. 2001 <www.martinluther.com>.
Margaret Sangers Paper Project. 18 Oct. 2000. History Dept. New York U. 3 Apr. 2001 <www.mspp.com>.
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Native Web. 2000. 15 Sept. 2001. <www.nativeweb.com>.
APA:
Content: Follow the format for printed references, then end with the date of access and the URL.
Ex:
Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2001, from www.latimes.com
Internet. (2005). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13, 2004, from www.encarta.com
Harvard:
Content: Author; Year (Latest Update or when the site was created); Name or place of the website; Sponsor; Date of access (date/month/year); <URL>.
Ex:
Therapeutic Goods Administration 2004, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 13 October, 2004, <www.tga.gov.au>.
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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